A high-tech pill that can put an end to drug injections
Here was the challenge for bioengineers: Find a way for patients to take drugs — like insulin or monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancers and other diseases — without injections.
The medicines are made of molecules too big to be absorbed through the stomach or intestines; in any event, the drugs would be quickly degraded by the body’s harsh digestive system.
Now, a team of scientists may have found a solution that delivers these drugs in a capsule a person can swallow. Their inspiration? A tortoise that always rights itself after rolling over.
The test device, called Soma, is shaped like the tortoise’s shell. Inside is a miniature post made of insulin. After the tiny device positions itself against the stomach wall, the post pops out and injects insulin. The device then travels through the colon and eventually is eliminated by the patient.
The device works in rats and pigs, the investigators reported on Thursday in the journal Science. The researchers—at MIT, Harvard and Novo Nordisk, the pharmaceutical company — hope to start testing Soma in humans in three years.
Outside experts said the device may well be a viable solution to the injection problem. “It’s a very new concept and a really cool idea,” said Edith Mathiowitz, a professor of medical science and engineering at Brown University.
While sounding like something out of science fiction, Soma synthesises a number of recent engineering advances, experts said.
“What they have done is taken ideas from many areas and integrated them,” said Tejal Desai, chair of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at the University of California, San Francisco.
The researchers knew that if they could get a drug through the wall of the stomach, the medicine would enter the bloodstream. Because the stomach does not have many pain receptors, a prick from the tiny post would not even be felt.
Creating a device to accomplish this required three key advances, said Giovanni Traverso, a gastroenterologist at Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and a lead author of the paper. The first challenge was to make a device that would land on the stomach in a predictable way. For ideas, the researchers looked to nature — and discovered the leopard tortoise. An angled shell helps the tortoise roll back onto its feet no matter which way it falls.
The engineers decided to imitate the tortoise’s shape with a tiny device that would always land on the wall of the stomach, in the right orientation, no matter how it tumbled down the esophagus. Next, they needed a cue that would trigger the release of a tiny post made of insulin that they would put in the device.
“The stomach is moist and humid,” Traverso said. “That was the key clue.”
That sort of environment will dissolve sugar, as a lozenge or candy dissolves in your mouth.
The insulin needle was compressed like a spring and held in place with a thin disc of sugar.
By controlling the size of the disc, the researchers were able to control how long the mechanism would stay intact. They decided on five minutes: When the sugar dissolved, the insulin post would pop out.
Finally, they had to make that tiny insulin post. The device that would hold it is small, the size of a pea, which restricted how much drug it could contain.