In praise of start-up ‘joiners’
Rock star founders get all the glory, but a firm’s early employees are just as important.
When it comes to thinking about entrepreneurship, we may be getting only half the picture.
As a society, we place so much emphasis on the rock star founders of entrepreneurial start-ups that we often forget about the “joiners” — all the other early employees at start-ups who help turn a great idea into a real, commercialized product. In short, we obsess over founders such as Steve Jobs, Sergey Brin or Larry Page, but we often gloss over all the early joiners who helped make Google or Apple great. But that could change. A recent study from two business school professors, Henry Sauermann of Georgia Tech and Michael Roach of Cornell, analyzes for the first time joiners as a distinct type of entrepreneurial actor. The classic joiner, they say, is an early start-up employee who doesn’t necessarily want to be a founder, but who revels in the risk, innovation and autonomy of a start-up environment.
Take Marissa Mayer, for example. As Michael Roach told me in a phone conversation, in his classes on entrepreneurship at Cornell, he often holds up Mayer as the prototypical example of a joiner. Graduating from Stanford with two degrees, she had 14 offers — including from McKinsey and Oracle — but chose to join as employee No. 20 at a young start-up
that she thought had only a 10% chance of success. That start-up turned out to be Google.
Joiners may not have the extreme risk-seeking behavior of a rock star CEO founder, but they are more than willing to head up the key functional roles — especially R&D — that make a start-up great. Just like the founder of any great start-up, they are motivated more by factors such as the desire to commercialize a great technology rather than by any expected financial gains (salary, bonuses, options).
In short, the differences between founders and joiners may not be as great as we think. By focusing only on founders, we miss the role that joiners play in the bigger picture of American entrepreneurship.
“A key insight from our research is that many of the characteristics that we often think of as unique to founders, such as a tolerance for risk and the desire to bring new ideas to life, also generalize to the broader entrepreneurial workforce,” Roach said.
The research study from Roach and Sauermann, based on a survey of 4,168 science and engineering PhD candidates at 39 of America’s top research universities, found that only 11% of respondents expressed a desire to be a “founder,” while 46% expressed interest in becoming a “joiner.” That means that the pool of potential joiners outnumbers potential founders by 4 to 1.
More important, it means that nearly half of all science and engineering PhDs — people typically thought of as pursuing careers in academia — are interested in contributing to America’s entrepreneurial ecosystem as join- ers. They may not found start-ups, but they will gravitate toward entrepreneurial companies.
In addition to making the distinction between two types of entrepreneurial actors — founders and joiners — the study also helps to rec- oncile two deeply conflicting views of entrepreneurship.
As part of the survey, the professors asked participants to rate a number of factors — divided into “preferences” and “context” — that influenced their desire to join a start-up. You can think of a “preference” as something innate (e.g. a natural desire to take risks) and “context” as something within the environment that changes perceptions (e.g. taking a class with a professor who started a successful company).
The classic view of entrepreneurship, of course, is that entrepreneurs are largely motivated by preferences — a preference for high risk, a preference for autonomy and a preference for opportunities to commercialize a hot technology. Think about someone like Elon Musk or Steve Jobs. In other words, people who often show up on the front pages of magazines and newspapers as rock star entrepreneurs.
But there’s another view of entrepreneurship: Most of the people who become entrepreneurs or work at entrepreneurial companies are largely motivated by context. If students are surrounded by the presence of faculty advisors with experience in launching their own startups or an academic culture that celebrates entrepreneurship, they will eventually decide to try their hand at starting a company. If you study at Stanford or work in Silicon Valley, for example, your context is that everyone around you is starting a company, so you might as well start one too.
That’s where joiners play such an important role. What the professors found in the study is that joiners are much more susceptible to context than founders. They already have a risk-seeking preference, and once they are exposed to the right context, they are often inspired to engage in entrepreneurial ventures.
In other words, a bright kid who goes off to Harvard to study science or engineering may not want to follow in the footsteps of Bill Gates or Mark Zuckerberg (both Harvard dropouts), but he or she is more than willing to work at a cool start-up as a joiner upon graduation. Just check out how many Harvard grads are working in Silicon Valley these days. As the professors point out in the conclusion of a longer paper that appeared in Management Science, “Joiners are entrepreneurial in ways previously not considered.”
‘Many of the characteristics that we often think of as unique to founders … also generalize to the broader entrepreneurial workforce.’
— Michael Roach,
Cornell business professor
Dominic Basulto is a futurist and blogger based in New York City and a regular contributor to the Washington Post.