RECOMMENDED READ: Culture Wars
Our recommended read reveals the harrowing impact of Chairman Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution in China
In 1966, Chairman Mao Zedong launched the “Cultural Revolution” to rid China of all lingering “rightist” elements after 17 years of his Communist rule. The shock troops who initially carried it out were mainly teenagers—including girls as young as 13—known as the Red Guards. They burned religious symbols, confiscated “bourgeois” possessions (basically any nice things) and in many cases beat their own supposedly treacherous teachers with clubs, sometimes to death.
People accused of unsound views were forced to make public confessions while painfully tied up, wearing dunces’ caps and with heavy placards around their necks held by wire which slowly cut into the skin. Not that this saved them. By the time the Cultural Revolution ended with
Mao’s death in 1976, two million people had been killed and 36 million hounded out of jobs and homes, often into forced labour in the countryside. In this brilliant, unsettling book,
Tania Branigan speaks to many of those involved, perpetrators as well as victims.
She also explores the Cultural Revolution’s continuing effects in a country whose economic fortunes have since been transformed but whose people, she argues, have never got over the trauma of seeing neighbours and family members turn on each other so readily: a trauma made worse by the fact that the terror of those years isn’t properly acknowledged (a huge portrait of Mao still dominates Beijing’s Tiananmen Square). The result is a book that compellingly illuminates both China’s past and present,
especially now that freedom of expression is under renewed assault.
One of Branigan’s interviewees is Zhang Hongbing, who as a teenager denounced his own mother, Fang, not long after Liu Shaoqi, a former ally of Mao’s, was purged in 1969…
“It was late one evening, and Fang was doing the laundry. She made an acerbic allusion to Chairman Mao; Zhang accused her of viciously attacking and insulting Mao Zedong Thought. As the row ignited, Fang abandoned all caution. She said she wanted Liu Shaoqi’s case to be reopened. She said: ‘The traitor, spy, thief—whatever they say of Liu Shaoqi—is Chairman Mao. The Communist Party has changed its colours. Why has Chairman Mao made a personality cult? His image is everywhere.’
‘I warned her: “If you go against my dear Chairman Mao, I will smash your dog head...” There was a yellow washtub and I meant we would use that to smash my mother’s head,’ Zhang said.
‘I felt it wasn’t my mother—it wasn’t a person. She suddenly became a monster. She had become a class enemy. My father said: “Fang Zhongmou, I’m telling you—from now on our family separates itself from you, this person who insists on taking a counter-revolutionary position. You are the enemy and we will struggle against you. The poison you just released, you should write it down.” And my mother said: “It’s easy. I can finish it in five minutes. I dare to say, dare to write, dare to do.”’
Zhang and his father left to report her. By the time they returned she had finished her letter—effectively a suicide note. It called for Chairman Mao to be removed from all official positions and for the senior leaders he had purged to be exonerated.
‘My father said, “You will be buried.” Mother replied: “It shows it’s Mao Zedong who should be buried, not me.”’
Zhang remembered his mother trembling, her chattering teeth, her struggle with his father as she ripped down the portrait of Mao which each family kept in their home. She barricaded herself in the bedroom and tried to burn the picture.
‘Beat the counter-revolutionary!’ her husband cried as they forced their way in. ‘I still felt I couldn’t do it. She was my own mother,’ Zhang said. ‘I didn’t smash her head, but I hit her twice on her back.’
He described the officials arriving. How one kicked out his mother’s legs from under her, so that she fell. How they bound her with rope, and how he heard her shoulder crack as they hauled her to her feet. ‘She walked out with her head high as if she didn’t feel any shame.’ His mother was executed less than two months later.
Did he have any doubts about informing on her?
‘I didn’t have any doubts. This was a monster, not my mother.’
Did he know what would happen? ‘I knew. According to the regulations, I understood that it meant death.’
Zhang was lionised for his betrayal. His town held an exhibition in his honour. He showed us the cartoonish illustrations it included: sketches of him denouncing his mother and—in the last frame— the blood spurting from Fang’s mouth as she was shot.