Description

Kakistocracy is Greek for “rule by the worst people.”

Why does turning away from elite rule and institutions so often lead to corruption, insta­bility, illiberalism, and economic decline? In Kakistocracy, Richard Hanania dissects the dominant political story of our era: the global rise of populism. The United States is one among many nations shifting from a political spectrum of conservatives versus liberals to populists versus insti­tutionalists, opening the door for the least honest and competent figures to take power—and often be rewarded for failure.

Hanania is a legal scholar and political scientist by training, contributor to Project 2025, and repen­tant Trump voter. He argues that modern democracies suffer from inefficiency, special-interest domination, and incompetence. Left unchecked, he warns, these trends create dysfunction in housing, energy, health, and the economy, paving the way for corruption and creeping authoritarianism.

Despite this, populist movements, fueled by preju­dice and misinformation, rarely solve these problems and instead elevate leaders who are profoundly unqualified to govern. The result is a kakistocracy, where corruption and ineptitude become routine. Hanania’s exploration spans the globe, examining the leadership of figures including Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, and Viktor Orbán, as well as events in countries such as Sri Lanka, Romania, South Korea, and Argentina. He discusses the ways in which the rise of populism is related to resurgent authoritarianism and why alliances between populists in the West and authoritarians abroad are based in shared values and interests.

Drawing on political science, economics, and sociology, Kakistocracy confronts the failures of the Trump-era GOP, revealing how scams, institutional erosion, and corruption are inevitable in a party that embraces populism. It also shows why similar move­ments are on the rise around the world and investigates what elites can do to respond to populism’s more rational critiques of mainstream institutions while still fighting back against it.

About the author(s)

Richard Hanania writes a newsletter about American politics, ethics, international relations, and culture. He is the author of Public Choice Theory and the Illusion of Grand Strategy and The Origins of Woke. His work has appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Atlantic, The Economist, and other publications. He lives in California.

Reviews

“American elites are and have been greatly underrated. Whatever their flaws, we turn away from them at our peril. Populism, in turn, is a danger. Richard Hanania’s Kakistocracy makes this case better than anyone else and provides a fresh new perspective on what is happening in America and the rest of the world today.” —Tyler Cowen

“Richard Hanania is the world’s greatest living essayist. While I’m personally deeply prone to both-sidesism, he’s gradually convinced me that modern-day populists are objectively worse than the elite midwits they’re replacing. Kakistocracy—‘rule by the worst’—defends this thesis with grim aplomb.” — Bryan Caplan

“Richard Hanania has written a bracing examination of the populist age. Rejecting both romantic defenses of ‘the people’ and reflexive elite self-congratulation, Kakistocracy is a serious, data-grounded account of why movements that begin as corrections to genuine elite failures often end in something worse than what they replaced.” — Rob Henderson

“Only the man who helped create the online right could diagnose it this ruthlessly. Hanania shows how the fringe left accelerated the worst tendencies of the right, while the rest of us can only watch in horror. The result is a painfully accurate diagnosis of everything stale and deadening in American politics.” — Brianna Wu

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