Pressure mounts on Kurds to cancel referendum
IN A region where few people concur on anything, adversaries and enemies in the Middle East find themselves agreeing on one goal: to stop Iraq’s Kurds from forging ahead with a vote for independence today.
As the Kurds rush headlong to embrace their region’s first steps toward independence, their neighbours and allies, led by the United States, are ratcheting up demands to cancel a referendum on independence from Iraq. They warn that it could unleash ethnic violence, tear Iraq apart and fracture the US-led coalition fighting Islamic state militants.
It is difficult to reconcile the fierce international objections with the euphoric flag-waving celebrations in Kurdish cities, where residents are convinced they will be voting for independence next week no matter what the world thinks.
In Irbil, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan, fireworks streak across night skies and young men cruise past in cars, honking horns and chanting Kurdish national slogans. Red-white-and-green Kurdish flags snap in the wind beside posters and banners that implore Kurds – in four languages – to vote “yes” to pursue independence. But almost every day for the past week, Kurds have been buffeted by jarring new demands from outside their autonomous enclave to cancel the vote.
The White House has called the vote “provocative and destabilising”. Brett McGurk, the US envoy to the region, said it is “a very risky process” with “no prospect for international legitimacy”.
The United Nations secretary-general, António Guterres, has warned that the vote would undermine the fight against Islamic State, where Kurdish fighters, known as peshmerga, and Iraqi army units are part of the US-led coalition.
The Kurds’ powerful neighbour, Turkey, is conducting tank drills on its border with Iraqi Kurdistan. Iran has vowed to block its border with the landlocked region if the vote proceeds. In response, some Iraqi Kurdish families have been stockpiling food and supplies.
Both Turkey and Iran worry that an independence vote by Iraqi Kurds will stir unrest among their own Kurdish minorities.
The Iraqi government in Baghdad, faced with the possibility of losing a third of the country or the outbreak of a new civil war, has called the referen- dum illegal and unconstitutional. Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi has said that Iraq is prepared to use military force if the referendum provokes violence.
“The pressures are certainly escalating to try to pull this thing away from us,” said Hoshyar Zebari, Iraq’s former foreign minister and a leader of the referendum effort. “We are used to it.”
Even within Kurdistan, many Kurds are opposed.
Political rivals of the region’s president, Massoud Barzani, say they want independence but may vote no to avoid endorsing Barzani, the face of the referendum. Others say the referendum is the right idea at the wrong time. They contend the Kurdistan Regional Government is corrupt and dysfunctional, and has not yet built the democratic framework necessary for an independent nation.
“We’re not a democratic state – we’re a tribal state, and we’re not ready for independence,” said Rabbon Marof, a member of the Kurdish parliament and a leader of the “No For Now” movement.
So far, the Kurdish leadership has held fast, insisting that the referendum will proceed. But the Kurdish Regional Government said it is still talking to the United States and to Baghdad, seeking an ironclad guarantee of a future road map to independence.
Peter Galbraith, a former US diplomat who is close to Kurdish leaders, said an 11th-hour deal was unlikely. “For the generation of leaders who were peshmerga, this is the end of their careers – this is their moment,” he said.
A central issue is the status of Kirkuk, an oil-rich city that provides Kurdistan its single biggest source of revenue. The peshmerga seized the city and its oil fields in 2014, after the Iraqi army fled an assault by Islamic State militants.
Kurds in Kirkuk have provoked Baghdad by flying Kurdish flags and erecting a massive statue of a peshmerga fighter at the city gates, a Kalashnikov rifle on his shoulder. Kirkuk is home to Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens.
Kirkuk is one of several Iraqi areas taken by Kurds in 2014, expanding their enclave by over 40 percent. The Kurds have enraged Baghdad by including the disputed areas in the referendum.
Asked whether Kurds might consider canceling the vote in contested areas, Zebari replied, “We are looking for options – we have not reached any final conclusions.”
“But of course”, he added, “we would want something for it.”
The Kurds, isolated and besieged for a century, have rejected a series of US proposals to drop the referendum and negotiate with Baghdad. The Kurdish leadership wants a sweeping public endorsement for independence before starting negotiations.
“How can you not let the Kurdish people speak?” asked Najmaldin Karim, the Kurdish governor of Kirkuk. “Everything the US and others are demanding we can do the very first day after the referendum.”
Karim was fired by Baghdad last week, but remains stubbornly in office. The Iraqis cannot forcibly remove him with Kirkuk under peshmerga control.
David Phillips, a former State Department adviser who has worked on Iraq for 30 years, said Barzani was unlikely to back down now, or to accept any guarantees from the United States or the international community. “The Kurds have learned from bitter experience that they can only rely on themselves,” said Phillips, now at Columbia University.
A yes vote would not mean immediate independence. But Zebari said the vote was binding on the Kurdistan Regional Government. Assuming it passes, the government will begin a formal breakaway process to include negotiations with Baghdad and a campaign for international recognition.
The referendum dispute has left the peshmerga on the sidelines of a coalition assault that began on Thursday against one of the last Islamic State strongholds in Iraq, the town of Hawija, in Kirkuk. Karim said there had been no recent military coordination with Baghdad in the province.