Depression drives suicidal thinking in vets: study

Soldiers and veterans seeking treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder should be screened closely for major depression, say the authors of a new Canadian study that shows depression is the single greatest driver of suicidal thinking.

Appearing in this month’s issue of The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, the study of 250 actively serving Canadian Forces, RCMP members and veterans comes as record numbers of suicides are occurring among American troops returning from Afghanistan and Iraq, and as the number of suicides reported among Canadian Forces personnel last year reached its highest since 1995.

In vets diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, about half also experience symptoms of major depressive disorder at some point in their lives, the authors of the new study write.

But “the task of predicting which people may be at an increased risk of completing suicide is a complex and challenging care issue,” they said.

The new study involved 193 Canadian Forces vets, 55 actively serving personnel and two RCMP members referred to the Parkwood Hospital Operational Stress Injury Clinic in London, Ont., one of 10 specialized clinics funded by Veterans Affairs Canada to treat vets with psychiatric illnesses such a post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from military operations.

In addition to PTSD, soldiers and vets are screened for major depression, anxiety disorders and alcohol abuse.

The questionnaire for depression also includes questions about suicidal thinking.

Those in the study had served an average of 15 years and had been deployed an average of three times. About one-quarter had been deployed to Afghanistan at least once. Ninety-two per cent of them were men.

Most met the criteria for “probable” PTSD, and almost three-quarters screened positive for probable major depression.

Among the total sample, about one-quarter — 23 per cent — reported that they had experienced thoughts of self-harm, or that they would be better off dead, for several days over the previous two weeks.

Another 17 per cent said they experienced those thoughts more than half of the days of the past two weeks; six per cent reported feeling this way nearly every day during the previous two weeks.

Like other studies, the researchers found that PTSD is associated with having suicidal thoughts.

But “what became the biggest predictor was, specifically, depression severity,” said Dr. Don Richardson, a consultant psychiatrist at the Operational Stress Injury Clinic and an adjunct professor in the department of psychiatry at Western University in London.

“It really stresses the importance that when you’re assessing someone for PTSD it’s also critical that you assess specifically for major depression,” Richardson said. “From our limited study, it was depression severity that was the most significant predictor of having suicidal ideation.”

The concern is that people seeking treatment for military-related trauma might not receive aggressive treatment for depression. The focus instead might be predominantly on PTSD and “exposure therapy” — talking about the traumatic event.

Symptoms of depression include experiencing, on more days than not over the past two weeks, a low mood, less interest in activities people once enjoyed, problems sleeping, changes in appetite, poor concentration, feeling “slowed down” or, the opposite, fidgety or restless, a diminished sense of self-esteem and thoughts of suicide.

According to a recent report from the Center for a New American Security, the U.S. army reported a record 33 suicides in July 2011.

According to DND, “no consistent relationship has been established between deployment and the risk of suicide.”