Gas engines to chug ahead
OMAHA, NEB. — The diesel-burning locomotive, the workhorse of American railroads since the Second World War, will soon begin burning natural gas — a potentially historic shift that could cut fuel costs, reduce pollution and strengthen the advantage railroads hold over trucks in long-haul shipping.
Rail companies want to take advantage of booming natural gas production that has cut the price of the fuel by as much as 50 per cent. So they are preparing to experiment with redesigned engines capable of burning both diesel and liquefied natural gas.
Natural gas “may revolutionize the industry much like the transition from steam to diesel,” said Jessica Taylor, a spokeswoman for General Electric’s locomotive division, one of several companies that will test new natural gas equipment later this year.
Any changes are sure to happen slowly. A full-scale shift to natural gas would require expensive new infrastructure across the nation’s 225,308-kilometre freight-rail system, including scores of fuelling stations.
The change has been made possible by hydraulic fracturing drilling techniques, which have allowed U.S. drillers to tap into vast deposits of natural gas. The boom has created such abundance that prices dropped to an average of $3.73 US per million British thermal units last year — fewer than one-third of their 2008 peak.
Over the past couple of years, cheap gas has inspired many utilities to turn away from coal, a move that hurt railroads’ profits. And natural gas is becoming more widely used in transportation.
More than 100,000 buses, trucks and other vehicles already run on it, although that figure represents only about three per cent of the transportation sector.
The savings could be considerable. The nation’s biggest freight railroad, Union Pacific, spent more than $3.6 billion on fuel in 2012, about a quarter of total expenses.
But even under the most optimistic scenario, there’s no way all of that diesel will be replaced. Railroads and locomotive makers are looking primarily at ways to retrofit existing machines to burn a mix of diesel and natural gas because that will be the quickest and easiest way to adopt the new technology.
Locomotive makers have not yet set the prices of their retrofit kits, but railroads expect they will be cheaper than a new locomotive costing roughly $2 million.
Using both diesel and natural gas also offers some advantages over using natural gas alone. The diesel can provide the spark needed to ignite natural gas without redesigning locomotive engines, and the diesel helps provide horsepower.
Railroads are planning to use liquefied natural gas, which is not as readily available as other forms of gas because it must be cooled to -260 F. That step adds to the price, but the amount varies based on how the process is done.
The projected cost comparisons do not include the millions of dollars railroads would have to spend on a network of natural gas fuelling stations along their tracks. That expense won’t be clear until after the tests.
Locomotive makers say natural gas engines could also significantly reduce emissions compared with diesel locomotives, but the potential cost savings is the biggest reason the rail industry is eager to make the change.
From the outside, natural gas locomotives will not look much different, but they will have to pull a tank car behind the engine to carry enough liquefied natural gas, or LNG, to have a similar range to diesel units.
Both of the major locomotive manufacturers, General Electric and Caterpillar’s Electro-Motive Diesel, have developed prototypes that will be tested by Union Pacific, CSX, BNSF and Canadian National railroads beginning this year.
“They can lower their costs further and widen their advantage over trucks,” Edward Jones analyst Logan Purk said.
But he sounded one note of caution: Natural gas prices have always been volatile, and they could climb if gas exports expand significantly and more industries switch over to natural gas.