Wildlife refuge in India seeks to save rhinos from poachers
Animals’ horns fetch top dollar in China because of purported medicinal benefits
KAZIRANGA, INDIA — Out of the early morning mists and tall grassof northeast India emerges a massive creature with a dinosaur-like face, having survived millions of years despite a curse — literally on its head. As elephant-borne riders approach, the formidable hulk sniffs the air for danger, then resumes its breakfast.
This is Kaziranga, refuge to more than 2,200 endangered Indian rhinoceros and one of the world’s best-protected wildlife reserves. But even here, where rangers follow shoot-to-kill orders, poachers are laying siege to “Fortress Kaziranga,” attempting to sheer off the animals’ horns to supply a surge in demand for purported medicine in China that’s pricier than gold. At least 18 rhino fell to poachers in and around the park in 2012, compared with 10 in all of India in 2011.
Insurgents eager to bolster their war chests here in India’s Assam state are also involved, according to police. Authorities are investigating a recent news report that a Chinese company offered two rebel groups a deal: weapons in exchange for horns and body parts of the one-horned species whose scientific name is rhinoceros unicornis.
Pitted against the poachers, some armed with battlefield rifles, are 152 anti-poaching camps staffed by more than 900 rangers, guards and other personnel — almost one for every square kilometre of the reserve. These include a wellarmed task force rushed in when the poaching erupted again early last year. Kaziranga also is ready to deploy drones and satellite surveillance to track the intruders.
The rhino war is a bloody one on all counts. A number of guards have been killed along with 108 poachers since 1985, while 507 rhino have perished by gunfire, electrocution or spiked pits set by the poachers, according to the park.
More than 50 poachers were arrested last year.
Reflecting the globalization of wildlife trafficking, the accelerating slaughter for China’s market occurs wherever one of the world’s oldest and largest mammals are found, especially in southern Africa. In South Africa alone, more than 630 rhinos fell to poachers last year, up from 13 in 2007, according to the country’s department of environmental affairs.
Driving the killings are soaring prices that China’s growing, moneyed class are willing to pay — up to $65,000 per kilogram. This has even forced museums in Europe where thefts have occurred to replace real rhino horns with fakes.
Behind it is a deeply rooted belief among many Chinese that rhino horn — basically compressed hair — can cure everything from rheumatism to cancer, despite admonitions by most medical experts that it has “about as much medicinal value as chewing one’s fingernails.” The product has been struck from the list of officially approved Chinese traditional medicines but is readily available in China and Vietnam, the second largest consumer.
To date, experts say Asian countries have proved better at protecting their rhinos than Africa, where most of the China-bound horns originate before being smuggled mainly through Southeast Asia by air, land and sea.
“The bosses of criminal syndicates which control the trafficking go where the cost of business is very low, and that’s now in Africa,” said Christy Williams of the World Wide Fund for Nature.
“If Africa starts to really crack down, then they’ll be moving back to Asia.”
Kaziranga park statistics since 1980 reflect this ebb and flow, stemming from both demand and the level of protection afforded.
The 1990s saw intensive poaching with a high of 48 rhinos killed in 1992. It subsided after 1998 but shot up again this year.
Williams, who is based in Nepal, says Asian smuggling routes run from India through Nepal to Tibet and into other regions of China or through northern Myanmar to China.
China has in the past supported an array of insurgent groups in Assam and other areas of India’s northeast that have sought independence from India, and growing economic and transport links are facilitating wildlife trafficking.
Last month, Seven Sisters Post, an English-language newspaper in Assam, reported the United Liberation Front of Assam and another rebel group have been approached several times by the Longhui Pharmaceutical Co., a subsidiary of arms manufacturer Hawk Group, to supply rhino parts in exchange for weapons, something the groups claim they rejected.
Despite such threats both Assam and Nepal — homes to the densest rhino populations in Asia — have notched impressive records in curbing poaching.
To keep it that way, veteran park chief N.K.Vasu says it’s essential to “dominate every inch of the ground” inside the park and link up with area police and civil authorities, a weakness in the past along with continuing corruption.