Extreme body behaviours WREAK HAVOC
Pulling your hair or picking at your skin can signal serious disorders
Lucy Harper, 17, a high school junior who lives in College Station, Texas, has been picking at her skin for as long as she can remember. When she was in seventh grade, she also started pulling out her hair.
“For a while my skin picking was under the radar, but it was because I was pulling my hair,” she says. “If I wanted my skin to clear up, I’d stop picking and start pulling. If I wanted my hair to grow back, I’d stop pulling and start picking.”
She lost so much hair her classmates asked whether she was going bald. “I tried everything to stop picking and pulling . ... I got permission to wear gloves and a hat to school, and I even once went to piano lessons with Band-Aids on every one of my fingertips.
Harper suffers from trichotillomania (hair pulling) and excoriation (skin picking, also known as dermatillomania), two of several disorders collectively known as body-focused repetitive behaviours, or BFRBs. The umbrella term includes a number of repetitive “self-grooming” habits that can cause damage or injury through pulling, picking or scraping, or biting the hair, skin and nails.
Many people engage to some extent in nail biting or skin picking. When these behaviours become extreme and out of control, they are regarded as serious disorders.
“There is significant psychosocial damage,” says Douglas Woods, a professor of psychology at Marquette University who studies these conditions. Among those who can’t contain their urges, “depression is relatively common. People become very self-conscious, and self-esteem suffers. They start to avoid social situations in which people could notice the effects of their behaviour, and often spend tremendous amounts of time trying to cover the effects.”
Historically, BFRBs had been considered impulse-control disorders, along with kleptomania and gambling addiction. However, in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, BFRBs are categorized as obsessive-compulsive disorders, or OCDs. “The truth is, they probably belong in an in-between category,” Woods says.
Although now regarded on the same spectrum, the two are actually quite different. Classic OCD occurs when someone experiences uncontrollable, recurring thoughts — such as a disproportionate fear of germs — and behaviour she or he feels compelled to repeat over and over, such as excessive hand-washing.
Impulse-control disorders, on the other hand, typically involve an inability to resist a potentially harmful or self-destructive urge. Other BFRBs include hair or skin eating, lip and cheek biting, tongue chewing and compulsive haircutting, according to the foundation, a non-profit based in Santa Cruz, Calif.
Before age 12, hair pulling occurs equally in boys and girls, but later it predominantly occurs in girls, according to psychologist Suzanne Mouton- Odum, a clinical assistant professor at the Baylor College of Medicine. “Why is this? We are not certain, but I suspect that many more females begin to pull around the age of puberty,” she says.
“Likely, there is a hormonal component that affects more females than males. Other hypotheses are that males are more able to cover hair loss, or maybe do not seek treatment as they can hide the results of their pulling.”
Researchers believe these disorders probably have a genetic component, because they tend to run in families. Scientists are studying the genes of affected people, trying to identify markers that can provide clues to their origins.
Several studies have shown a familial connection; one, for example, found higher rates of OCD in immediate family members of those with extreme cases of hair pulling than in the general population.
Also, evidence from a twins study suggested a higher occurrence of hair pulling in identical compared with fraternal twins. Research also has shown differences in the brains of people with these disorders compared with the brains of those who don’t have them.
“Each person seems to pull or pick for different reasons, or in different situations,” Mouton- Odum says. “Some do it in response to emotion — anger, anxiety, happiness — while others in response to needing to feel a certain sensory sensation, while others pull or pick in response to certain environmental triggers, such as activities, places, mirrors.”
Woods agrees. “The behaviours seem to be both a problem of a habit gone awry and a way of coping with emotional distress,” he says.
Medication such as clomipramine, an antidepressant used to treat OCD, can help, but experts say the most effective therapy is behavioural. There are two frequently used approaches.
The first is habit-reversal training, which teaches patients to be more aware of their pulling and picking and its cues, and trains them to use a “competing response” when the urge hits, such as clenching the fist with the hairpulling hand and pressing it to the side of the body.
The second is comprehensive behavioural treatment, or ComB, which “looks at each person as an individual and evaluates (his or her) individual pulling/picking profile,” Mouton-Odum says. ComB allows clinicians to design a treatment plan specifically for that person.
“Strategies are offered based upon their unique pulling/picking triggers,” she adds. “It is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It is quite tailored.”
Likely, there is a hormonal component that affects more females than males. Other hypotheses are that males are more able to cover hair loss, or maybe do not seek treatment as they can hide the results of their pulling.