THE TRUTH ABOUT LYING
Research is showing how famous fibbers give the game away, writes SHARON KIRKEY.
Research is showing how
the famous fibbers of this generation are giving away their game.
They are among the infamous liars of our generation. Lance Armstrong, the iconic cycling champion and cancer crusader, spent more than a decade angrily denying he had used performanceenhancing drugs.
Edmonton’s Michael White tearfully asked the public to help him find his missing, pregnant wife — the same woman he had, in fact, stabbed to death and dumped naked in a ditch.
Bernie Madoff deftly orchestrated a $65-billion US Ponzi scheme, the largest investor fraud perpetrated by a single person in U.S. history.
But science is catching up, and exposing the secrets etched in a liar’s face.
Forensic psychologist Dr. Stephen Porter, the founding director of the University of British Columbia Centre for the Advancement of Psychological Science and Law, says he and his colleagues can help authorities and doctors spot the telltale signs of deception.
In a newly published study, Porter and his colleagues report how their one-day, “deception detection” workshop is dramatically improving the ability of legal and mental health professionals to discriminate liars from truthtellers, from a level of about pure chance, or no better than a coin toss, to 81 per cent accuracy.
The core of the workshop is formed from more than a decade’s worth of research into what Porter calls extremely high-stakes lies: lies of considerable consequence, to the deceiver and to the deceived. Lies not just in the criminal context, but also in personal relationships, government, politics and business.
Liars, Porter says, tend to “leak” their true emotions from their faces. The corruga-tors, the so-called grief muscles in the middle of the forehead — the facial musculature least under our conscious control — don’t get activated
DR. STEPHEN PORTER
as they would if someone were really in agony.
There’s also often the flash of a subtle and fleeting smirk when someone attempts to fake sadness.
Skilled liars will use fewer words and fewer sentences and, contrary to popular thinking, they have no trouble maintaining eye contact with the target of their deception. If anything, “they kind of burn holes through you,” Porter says.
Emerging research is proving what Darwin taught more than a century ago, Porter says. That is, when people are experiencing a powerful emotion such as fear, remorse, anger or excitement, it is virtually impossible to keep from communicating those emotions in their faces.
And the opposite is true: If you’re not feeling a particular emotion, it’s hard to fake it.
Penny Boudreau struggled to look genuinely distraught when she made a tearful public plea in 2008 for the safe return of her missing daughter, Karissa, whom she had strangled two days earlier. Except she couldn’t get the muscles associated with true sadness and distress working. Boudreau showed more surprise than anything, Porter says. “Raise your eyebrows as high as they can go. That’s what she looked like most of the time.”
At one point in the televised footage of that plea, she starts covering her face — a desperate measure “that we see in a lot of these individuals who are trying to communicate a false expression.”
Former U.S. president Bill Clinton “is one of the most convincing actors that I’ve come across,” says Porter, who uses in his workshops a video clip of Clinton denying his affair with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as one of the best documented examples, he says, of “effective deception.”
In the video, Clinton stares and glares at the audience, and famously waves his finger in the air while claiming,
‘He’s a military man. He’s trained to appear strong and confident. But as the interrogator gradually shows him that the gig is up, he becomes deflated.’
Describing the confession of killer Col. Russell Williams
“I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Ms. Lewinsky.”
Despite the aggression and confidence, almost challenging people to disagree with him, Porter can see flashes of fear in Clinton’s face, and even surprise. When Clinton refers to Lewinsky as “that woman,” it’s classic distancing language. “High-stakes liars unconsciously, or perhaps somewhat consciously, don’t want any sort of connection with the person they’re lying about,” Porter says. “They sort of depersonalize the individual.”
More recently, Porter scanned the televised doping confessionals of cyclist Armstrong, as well as other interviews the disgraced cyclist gave over the years in which he denied cheating. Porter says he saw manifestations of fear and anger “that were inappropriate in the context.
“I suspect that, given the high stakes that were involved in maintaining those deceptions, to a trained, scientifically informed observer, there were probably a lot of clues he dropped along the way in his behaviours, his speech and his facial expressions,” Porter says.
Porter and co- author Leanne ten Brinke, whose PhD dissertation focused on the topic, reveal some of these cues of duplicity in another study published in December in the journal Law and Human Behavior.
Their paper, Cry me a River, described as the most comprehensive study of its kind to date, was based on exhaustive, frame-by-frame coding of televised videos of 78 “pleaders” — people publicly pleading for the safe return of a missing loved one.
In about half the videos, the pleader actually turned out to be the killer.
On average, people tell two to three lies a day, every day of their lives, Porter says. Daily life deception, on the “little white lies” scale, is necessary for good social relationships, he says.
“Imagine a world in which everyone told the truth — where everyone said what was on their minds. It would quickly spiral into chaos,” he says. “We have to be selective in what we tell people we’re thinking.”
Lies of consequence are another matter. Given that they are harder to tell than more trivial, mundane lies, the researchers hypothesized that serious lies should trigger more subtle yet detectable behavioural cues or “leakage.”
When they reviewed television footage of “pleaders” gathered from news agencies around the English-speaking world, including Australia, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, the team found that deceptive pleaders showed less upper face sadness or distress than genuine pleaders.
The upper facial muscles are connected to a primitive part of the brain called the limbic system, Porter explains. When someone experiences true distress, those muscles instantly become active, and beyond voluntary control.
The deceptive pleaders also showed subtle signs of happiness in their lower faces: They occasionally smirked when delivering the crucial “direct appeal” — the moment where the pleader asks the perpetrator to let the missing person go, or for the missing person to make contact.
Overall, says Porter, “we’re seeing a lot of emotional leakage, including incomplete expressions of sadness.”
Porter says liars, because of biases and false assumptions about how they’re supposed to behave, dupe many people.
The studies of deceptive pleaders also showed the killers blinked at a rate nearly twice as frequently as the genuinely distressed — a behavioural twitch that could be due to the sheer effort of having to appear truthful, what researchers called the “cognitive load” of lying.
To lie on a grand scale requires considerable effort, Porter explains. “People are thinking, ‘I have to monitor what I say, I have to monitor my facial expressions and body language.’
In a videotaped police interrogation, sexual sadist and convicted killer Russell Williams, the disgraced colonel sentenced to two concurrent terms of life in prison for killing two women, goes from cocky and confident at the start of the three-hour interview to totally emotionally defeated as each piece of evidence is placed before him. “He’s a military man. He’s trained to appear strong and confident,” Porter says. “But as the interrogator gradually shows him that the gig is up, he becomes deflated, and his demeanour and facial expressions reveal that.”
Porter’s group is now researching human remorse — what it is, and how to differentiate real from fabricated remorse, particularly in legal situations such as parole hearings or sentencing, “where remorse is an extremely powerful factor in legal decisionmaking,” he says.
They’re also looking at what is known as the “Dark Triad” personality, a trifecta of three personality traits: narcissism; Machiavellianism (using deception, manipulation and flattery for wholly selfish gains); and psychopathy.
Porter cautions that it’s not certain that the knowledge gained from studying “pleaders” could be extrapolated to other types of lies.
However, “The idea here is that, if you’re feeling an emotion that is very powerful — and Darwin taught us this more than a century ago — it’s virtually impossible to keep that emotion from being conveyed in your facial expressions. You can get control of it after half a second, or a second,” says Porter. “But it still comes out to the trained observer. And you can spot it.”