Universe may not be expanding, some experts say
Data that show galaxies — and the spaces between them — are expanding could be interpreted very differently,
Every now and again, cosmologists decide that the universe needs a rethink. For example, for the past century, they have likened it to an inflating balloon, decorated with galaxies. Now one theoretical physicist has pricked this textbook idea by coming up with an heretical suggestion — namely, that the universe is not expanding at all.
The idea that the universe is unchanging — a constant backdrop that alters only with our parochial view of the heavens — was long ago consigned to the dustbin, thanks to the work of astronomers such as Edwin Hubble in the 1920s.
Hubble was based at Mount Wilson in Los Angeles County, where the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, then the most powerful in the world, had just been completed. He used it to analyze the light that the constituent atoms of galaxies emitted or absorbed, which comes in characteristic colours, or frequencies. He knew these frequencies would appear shifted toward the red end of the spectrum if the galaxies were moving away from us, just as we hear the pitch of a police siren drop as it zooms past.
Sure enough, the telescope revealed that most galaxies exhibit such a “red shift” — and, moreover, that the extent of the red shift became greater as the galaxies became more distant. The only conclusion was that the universe was expanding. From the point of view of the inhabitants of any one of its galaxies, it looked as if your neighbours were rushing away from you.
This idea might sound humdrum. But it marked the dawn of a revolutionary new view of the nature, origin, and fate of the universe, suggesting that billions of years ago, the universe must have been far denser than it is now, and that it started in a Big Bang.
Now that conventional thinking has been turned on its head in a paper by Prof. Christof Wetterich at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. He points out that the telltale light emitted by atoms is also governed by the masses of their constituent particles, notably their electrons. The way these absorb and emit light would shift toward the blue part of the spectrum if atoms were to grow in mass, and to the red if they lost it.
Because the frequency or “pitch” of light increases with mass, Wetterich argues that masses could have been lower long ago. If they had been constantly increasing, the colours of old galaxies would look red-shifted — and the degree of red shift would depend on how far away they were from Earth. “None of my colleagues has so far found any fault (with this),” he said.
Although his research has yet to be published in a peer-reviewed publication, Nature reports that the idea that the universe is not expanding at all — or even contracting — is being taken seriously by some experts, such as HongSheng Zhao, a cosmologist at the University of St Andrews who has worked on an alternative theory of gravity.
“I see no fault in ( Wetterich’s) mathematical treatment,” he says. “There were rudimentary versions of this idea two decades ago, and I think it is fascinating to explore this alternative representation of the cosmic expansion, where the evolution of the universe is like a piano keyboard played out from low to high pitch.”
Wetterich takes the detached, even playful, view that his work marks a change in perspective, with two different views of reality: either the distances between galaxies grow, as in the traditional balloon picture, or the size of atoms shrinks, increasing their mass. Or it’s a complex blend of the two.
One benefit of this idea is that he is able to rid physics of the singularity at the start of time, a nasty infinity where the laws of physics break down. Instead, the Big Bang is smeared over the distant past: the first note of the “cosmic piano” was long and low-pitched.
Harry Cliff, a physicist working at CERN who is England’s Science Museum’s fellow of modern science, thinks it striking that a universe where particles are getting heavier could look identical to one where space/time is expanding. “Finding two different ways of thinking about the same problem often leads to new insights,” he says. “String theory, for instance, is full of ‘dualities’ like this, which allow theorists to pick whichever view makes their calculations simpler.”
If this idea turns out to be right — and that is a very big if — it could pave the way for new ways to think about our universe. If we are lucky, they might even be as revolutionary as Edwin Hubble’s, almost a century ago.