Striking a chord
Scientists research connection between music, healing
WASHINGTON — Like a friendly Pied Piper, the violinist keeps up a toe- tapping beat as dancers weave through hospital hallways and into the chemotherapy unit, delighting surprised patients. Upstairs, a cellist plays an Irish folk tune for an intensivecare patient.
Music increasingly is becoming a part of patient care — although it’s still pretty unusual to see roving performers captivating entire wards, like at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital one fall morning.
“It takes them away for just a few minutes to some other place where they don’t have to think about what’s going on,” said cellist Martha Vance.
The challenge: Harnessing music to do more than comfort the sick. Now, moving beyond programs like Georgetown’ s, the U.S. National Institutes of Health is bringing together musicians, music therapists and neuroscientists to tap into the brain’s circuitry and figure out how.
“The brain is able to compensate for other deficits sometimes by using music to communicate,” said NIH director Dr. Francis Collins, a geneticist who also plays a mean guitar.
To turn that ability into successful therapy, “it would be a really good thing to know which parts of the brain are still intact to be called into action. To know the circuits well enough to know the backup plan,” Collins added.
Scientists aren’t starting from scratch. Learning to play an instrument, for example, sharpens how the brain processes sound and can improve children’s reading and other school skills. Stroke survivors who can’t speak sometimes can sing, and music therapy can help them retrain brain pathways to communicate. Similarly, Parkinson’s patients sometimes walk better to the right beat.
But what’s missing is rigorous science to better understand how either listening to or creating music might improve health in a range of other ways — research into how the brain processes music that NIH is beginning to fund.
“The water is wide, I cannot cross over,” soprano Renee Fleming belted out from inside an MRI machine at the NIH campus.
The opera star — who partnered with Collins to start the Sound Health initiative — spent two hours in the scanner to help researchers identify what brain activity is key for singing. How? First Fleming spoke the lyrics. Then she sang them. Finally, she imagined singing them.
“We’re trying to understand the brain not just so we can address mental disorders or diseases or injuries, but also so we can understand what happens when a brain’s working right and what happens when it’s performing at a really high level,” said researcher David Jangraw.
To Jangraw’s surprise, several brain regions were more active when Fleming imagined singing than when she actually sang, including the brain’s emotion centre and areas involved with motion and vision. One theory: it took more mental effort to keep track of where she was in the song without auditory feedback.
As Fleming put it: “I’m skilled at singing so I didn’t have to think about it quite so much,” she told a spring workshop at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, where she is an artistic adviser.
Indeed, Jangraw notes a saying in neuroscience: Neurons that fire together, wire together. Brain cells communicate by firing messages to each other through junctions called synapses. Cells that regularly connect — for example, when a musician practices — strengthen bonds into circuitry that forms an efficient network for, in Fleming’s case, singing.
But that’s a healthy brain. In North Carolina, a neuroscientist and a dance professor are starting an improvisational dance class for Alzheimer’s patients to see if music and movement enhance a diseased brain’s neural networks.
Well before memory loss becomes severe, Alzheimer’s patients can experience apathy, depression and gait and balance problems as the brain’s synaptic connections begin to falter. The NIH- funded study at Wake Forest University will randomly assign such patients to the improvisation class — to dance playfully without having to remember choreography.
The test: If quality- of- life symptoms improve, will MRI scans show correlating strengthening of neural networks that govern gait or social engagement?
With senior centres increasingly touting arts programs, “having a deeper understanding of how these things are affecting our biology can help us understand how to leverage resources already in our community,” said Wake Forest lead researcher Christina Hugenschmidt.