How a beagle got the ball rolling on alternative to animal testing
She was just another beagle that Lawrence Vernetti had scheduled to take part in another drug experiment.
But by the time he met this particular beagle in 1994, he had already assigned hundreds more beagles — the dog of choice for drug research, thanks to their small size and docile nature — to be experimented on in his role as study director at Abbott Laboratories in Chicago.
“I don’t know why” the beagle caught his attention, he said recently during an interview in his office at the University of Pittsburgh, where he is associate professor of computational and systems biology. “But when you do work with them, you can develop a connection. I did with her, and after that I stopped wanting to work with animals.”
Plagued by his emotional tie to the unnamed beagle, but wanting to continue to work at Abbott, he proposed to his supervisor that they begin an in vitro research lab that would use cells or bacteria, instead of animals, to test drugs.
The company agreed. After a couple of years establishing the lab, Vernetti entered a nascent field that now, nearly a quarter of a century later, is building support across research and industry for reasons that go beyond the compassion of avoiding experimentation on animals.
“There has been a sea change in attitude,” said Vernetti, who recently won a $50,000 grant from the Beagle Freedom Project to continue his research into developing a human liver model that could help companies avoid using animals for experimentation.
Drug companies and others who have used animals for prehuman testing of drugs and other chemicals have known for a long time that results with animals were a poor predictor of their effect on humans.
One study found that animal testing is only reliable 70 per cent of the time in determining the basics of whether a drug or chemicals would be toxic to humans.
But finding a way to replace animal testing seemed daunting, despite the work of Vernetti and others on using cells.
When he started the in vitro lab at Abbott, Vernetti’s experiments were basic: They would just put the proposed drugs on cells and wait to see if they died.
But over the past decade, the field has begun developing human “micro physiological systems .”
The field is sometimes referred to as “organ-on-a-chip” or the larger goal of “human-ona-chip.”
It grabbed those catchy phrases because, rather than any kind of scale model of an organ, these organs are created with a couple of cells from a specific organ that are then placed into a plastic and glass “chip” no bigger than a business card.
The theory is that the cells can show the reaction to drugs or chemicals — which are pumped into the chip — in the same way that a working organ in an animal or human would.
Researchers believe they may also prove to be a big step in the field of precision medicine that will make treatment for individual patients much more effective. And the field would have the benefit of reducing the high cost of using animals for research, while eliminating the ethical dilemma that many, like Vernetti, have dealt with using animals.
The human-on-a-chip idea is that after the 10 major organs — and other parts of the body like eyes or the central nervous system — are replicated in this way, they can be connected together and a chemical or drug could be run through all of them to see how they would impact an entire human body.
Vernetti, who is also director of early drug safety for Pitt’s Drug Discovery Institute, has been working for six years making a liver-on-a-chip. It uses human liver cells taken either medical procedures involving a living patient’s liver, or from bodies donated to science, or livers originally intended for organ donation but were not used — all of them with approval of the patient or deceased.
Despite a recent journal article that showed the potential of linking his liver model with other organs and systems, Vernetti said: “We’re not quite at the level where we can get an entire human body on a chip.”
His most recent grant came from the Beagle Freedom Project, a Los Angeles-based nonprofit that since 2010 has pushed for the elimination of animal testing and provides homes to dogs — not just beagles — and other animals previously used in research.