Languages of love differ, study finds
Is the meaning of love truly universal? It might depend on the language you speak, a new study finds.
Scientists who searched out semantic patterns in nearly 2,500 languages from all over the world found that emotion words — such as angst, grief and happiness — could have very different meanings depending on the language family they originated from.
The findings, described in the journal Science, shed light on the diversity of human feeling expressed around the globe — while still mapping some common linguistic landmarks among the languages’ internal emotional landscapes.
“We walk around assuming that everyone else’s experience is the same as ours, because we name it with the same word, and this suggests that that might not be the case,” said senior author Kristen Lindquist, a psychologist and neuroscientist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “I think there are some real implications for how we understand the emotional and social behaviours of people around the world.”
Many languages have words whose meanings seem so specific and nuanced that there’s no way to translate them; they can only be imported wholesale. Consider the German “schadenfreude,” the pleasure derived from another’s misfortune, or “sehnsucht,” a sort of deep yearning for an alternative life.
Those kinds of emotion words often feel rooted in the culture from which they emerged, said Asifa Majid, a cognitive scientist at the University of York in England. She pointed to the feeling of “awumbuk,” which Baining people in Papua Guinea experience when their guests depart after an overnight stay. It leaves people listless, she wrote in a commentary that accompanies the study, something akin to a “social hangover.”
Yet many languages also have words that English speakers might think of as “basic” emotions — love, hate, anger, fear, sadness, happiness. Early theories, influenced by Charles Darwin and pegged to shared biological structures in humans, suggest there are certain universal emotions that serve as the source material for all others, as primary colours might be blended to create many new shades.
The scientists found that all studied languages seemed to differentiate emotions based on two key factors: valence (how pleasant or unpleasant an emotion is) and activation (the level of physiological arousal associated with an emotion). These, Lindquist said, are likely linked to physiological states — a nod to the role biology may play in emotion.
Beyond those two major factors, however, the researchers found that language families encoded feelings in a wide variety of ways.
Take the Persian word “aenduh,” which is used to express the English-conceptualized emotions of “grief” and “regret.” The Sirkhi dialect of Dargwa, in contrast, uses “dard” to convey both “grief” and “anxiety.” Persian speakers, it seems, might think of grief as more related to regret, while Dargwa speakers may see it as more similar to anxiety.
“Anger,” another emotion English speakers might think of as basic, also revealed its share of complexities.
In Indo-European languages (a huge group that includes such disparate tongues as English and Hindi-Urdu), it was closely linked to the emotional concept of “anxiety.” But in Austroasiatic languages (which include Vietnamese and Khmer), “anger” was related to “grief” and “regret.” Nakh-Daghestanian languages (which include Northeast Caucasian languages such as Chechen) connect anger to “envy,” while Austronesian languages (a family that includes Tagalog and Maori) linked anger to “hate,” “bad” and “proud.”
“We interpret these findings to mean that emotion words vary in meaning across languages,” the study authors wrote, “even if they are often equated in translation dictionaries.”
The researchers also found that languages whose speakers historically lived in geographic proximity tended to share similar networks of meaning.
Majid called the breadth of languages and emotional concepts covered in the paper “unprecedented.”
“I thought it was really exciting,” she said. “That’s a new way to try and look at how emotions are expressed.”