Iraq’s delicate balance between Iran and U.S.

Syrian war complicates sensitive diplomacy for Baghdad’s Shiite leader

BAGHDAD— Iraq’s move to inspect Iranian aircraft flying to Syria may appease the United States but also shows how crisis in Damascus has pushed Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki into an ever more delicate balancing act between his two main allies. When he faced a parliamentary revolt this year, he could count on Tehran to pull strings of influence over restive fellow Shiite politicians in Iraq’s majority community that saw the Iraqis quickly fall in line again behind the Shiite prime minister. But after the United States complained publicly that Iran was using Iraqi airspace to fly arms and men to help President Bashar Assad fight western-backed rebels, Iraq’s government has told Washington it will inspect Iranian flights at random. Nine years after U.S. forces ousted Iraq’s Sunni dictator Saddam Hussein, and nine months after they finally pulled out of the country, Maliki is heavily reliant on Tehran, Washington’s enemy. He leans on Iran for political support at home and for backing in a Sunni-dominated region where he has few friends. But he still needs the Americans, too — for military aid, in part, but also as Iraq seeks global investment and trading access for an oil industry it is struggling to rebuild. And all the while, with the Syrian civil war inflaming historic confrontations in the Middle East between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and between Arab and Persian, Maliki is trying to carve out space for Iraq’s — and his own — interests. “We are trying to take an independent position, based on our national interests,” Foreign Minister Hoshiyar Zebari told Reuters recently in explaining Iraq’s Syria policy. “We are trying to differentiate ourselves. Things are not black and white.” Iraq says it has a policy of noninterference in Syria — but stays close to Tehran’s position by refusing to endorse western and Arab League demands for the removal of Assad, whose Alawite minority faith is an offshoot of Shiite Islam.

“We are trying to take an independent position, based on our national interests.” HOSHIYAR ZEBARI IRAQI FOREIGN MINISTER

For Maliki, who once found refuge in Syria and Iran as a Shiite Islamist activist fleeing Saddam, a defeat for Assad that put Damascus under the control of Sunni Islamists could add to the threat he already faces from a Sunni insurgency blamed for the kind of attacks that killed more than 30 Iraqis on Sunday. “We reject attempts to bring down the regime by force, because it will leave a wider crisis in the region,” Maliki has said. That concern, rather than any pressure from Tehran, appears to drive the Iraqi premier, diplomats and Iraqi officials say. “Maliki is fundamentally looking after Maliki’s interests,” one diplomat involved in the region said. “Relations with Iran may be part of that. But I don’t think Iran’s interest will trump Maliki’s domestic interests.”

Maliki is keenly aware of the benefits of keeping Iran on board. Tehran helped secure his premiership into a second term in 2010 by persuading fractious Shiite parties to join forces and outmanoeuvre Sunnis, Kurds and independent groups.

At the same time, Washington’s sway over a leader whom it once saw as more mindful of U.S. interests than other Shiite candidates had faded, even before the troop withdrawal. Maliki, aware of nationalist sensitivity, said Iraq could not support a small U.S. force staying on by extending troops’ legal immunity.

But Washington still has weight it can pull with Maliki, as the appeasing move on Iranian flights to Syria demonstrated.

Washington has allowed $2 billion in weapons sales to Iraq in 2012 alone, including a recently completed purchase of U.S.-made tanks. Baghdad will soon take delivery of more than 30 F-16 fighters that will be the backbone of its new air force.

U.S. military officers engaged in training programs also still operate out of the U.S. embassy in Baghdad.

With President Barack Obama campaigning for re-election, some in the United States have suggested pressing Iraq harder to distance itself from Iran. But U.S. diplomats are wary of exerting pressure that might have the opposite effect on Maliki. The State Department rejected a call for aid to Baghdad to be threatened if Iraq did not block Iranian flights to Syria.