A gender gap in Africa vaccine programs
Fake news proliferates, leading to just 4% immunization and hurting pregnant women most
SARE GIBEL, GAMBIA—The health outreach workers who drove past Lama Mballow’s village with a megaphone handed out T-shirts emblazoned with the words: “I GOT MY COVID-19 VACCINE!”
By then, the women in Sare Gibel had heard the rumours on social media: The vaccines could make your blood stop or cause you to miscarry. Women who took it wouldn’t get pregnant again.
Lama Mballow and her sister-in-law, Fatoumata Mballow, never made the 5.5-kilometre trip to town for their vaccines, but the family kept the free shirt. Its lettering is now well-worn, but the women’s resolve has not softened. They share much — meal preparation duties, child care and their outlook on the vaccine.
“I definitely need a lot of children,” said Lama Mballow, 24, who has a 4-year-old son, another child on the way and no plans to get vaccinated. And Fatoumata Mballow, 29, struggling to get pregnant for a third time in a village where some women have as many as 10 children, quietly insists: “I don’t want to make it worse and destroy my womb.”
As health officials in Gambia and across Africa urge women to be vaccinated, they’ve confronted unwillingness among those of child-bearing age. Many women worry that current or future pregnancies will be threatened and, in Africa, the success of a woman’s marriage often depends on the number of children she bears. Other women say they’re simply more afraid of the vaccine than the virus: As breadwinners, they can’t miss a day of work if side effects such as fatigue and fever briefly sideline them.
Their fears are hardly exceptional, with rumours proliferating across Africa, where fewer than 4 per cent of the population is immunized. Although data on gender breakdown of vaccine distribution are lacking globally, experts see a growing number of women in Africa’s poorest countries consistently missing out on vaccines. Officials who already bemoan the inequity of vaccine distribution between rich and poor nations now fear that the stark gender disparity means African women are the least vaccinated population in the world.
“We do see, unfortunately, that even as
COVID vaccines arrive in Africa after a long delay, women are being left behind,” said Dr. Abdahalah Ziraba, an epidemiologist at the African Population and Health Research Center.
Delays in getting vaccines to impoverished countries allowed misinformation to flourish and, with female literacy a challenge across Africa, women have long relied on word-of-mouth for information.
Despite the rampant concerns about pregnancy and fertility, there is no evidence that vaccines affect a woman’s chances of getting pregnant. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tracked tens of thousands of immunized women and found no difference in their pregnancy outcomes. And the CDC, World Health Organization and other agencies recommend pregnant women get vaccinated due to a higher risk of severe disease and death.
In Gambia, like many African countries, AstraZeneca was the only vaccine available initially. Publicity of the links between that shot and rare blood clots in women during a fumbled rollout in Europe set back vaccination efforts. Many Gambians believed the shot would stop their blood from flowing altogether, thanks to poor translation of news into local languages.
Officials also confronted a deep mistrust of government and a belief that Africans were getting shots no one else wanted. Rumours swirled that the vaccine was designed to control the continent’s birth rate.
Health officials have since made strides getting Gambian women vaccinated; they now make up about 53 per cent of those who’ve had the jabs, up several percentage points from just a few months ago. But there’s been a lag among those of child-bearing age, despite how frequently they’re in contact with maternity clinic workers.
Across Africa, officials report similar trends. In South Sudan, Gabon and Somalia, fewer than 30 per cent of those who received at least one dose in the early stages of COVID-19 immunization campaigns were women.
In those countries — as elsewhere in the world, especially impoverished nations in parts of the Middle East and Asia — women face other obstacles accessing vaccines. Some need their husbands’ permission or lack the technology to make appointments.
Sarah Hawkes, director of the Centre for Gender and Global Health at
“Women here are worried their children will get pneumonia or malaria. They are not worried about COVID-19.” ANGER ATER NURSE
University College London, said some hope exists that initial imbalances in COVID-19 immunization rates between men and women will continue to even out in Gambia and other countries once they have steady vaccine supplies. Most rich countries where vaccines have been freely available report a nearly even split between the numbers of men and women getting inoculated.
But it’s particularly difficult to push vaccines in areas that haven’t had explosive outbreaks of the virus, such as parts of Gambia and South Sudan.
“Women here are worried their children will get pneumonia or malaria,” said nurse Anger Ater, who works on immunization campaigns in South Sudan. “They are not worried about COVID-19.”
Reluctance to the coronavirus vaccine isn’t limited to remote villages. One recent morning at the Bundung hospital in Serrekunda, on the outskirts of Gambia’s capital, chief executive officer Kebba Manneh asked dozens of expectant mothers if they’d been vaccinated.
Just one raised her hand. Footsteps away, other women brought in their babies and toddlers for routine immunizations — measles, diphtheria and tetanus.
“You take your child to get vaccinations. What is so special about this one?” Manneh asked. A pregnant woman pulled out her phone to show him a video claiming someone’s body became magnetic after the COVID-19 shot, showing a spoon stuck to an arm.
In Gambia, husbands must give permission for wives’ medical procedures. Most women tell health care workers they won’t get the COVID-19 vaccine without their husbands’ consent.
Fatoumata Nyabally’s job as a security officer puts her at heightened risk of contracting the virus. She’s seven months pregnant, but her husband has refused to allow her to be vaccinated. So Nyabally declined a jab, telling workers: “He’s the head of the family, so I have to obey him in anything we do.”
Of the 100 women approached that day at the hospital, only nine agreed to be vaccinated.
“Even as COVID vaccines arrive in Africa after a long delay, women are being left behind.” DR. ABDAHALAH ZIRABA EPIDEMIOLOGIST, AFRICAN POPULATION AND HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER