Drug tunnels proliferate
Cartels have become skilled at constructing routes under the concrete U. S. border fence
The United States is reporting a spike in the construction of sophisticated and difficult- to- find drug tunnels from Mexico, especially on the border between San Diego and Tijuana.
TIJUANA, Mexico — When smuggling goes smoothly for the marijuana division of the huge Sinaloa Cartel, crossborder deliveries unfold with clockwork precision.
Harvested marijuana arrives in plastic- wrapped bales to a depot hidden among the rundown warehouses on the Mexican side of the concrete U. S. border fence.
Once enough marijuana is collected, workers drop the vacuum- packed bales through shafts leading to the ever- more-elaborate tunnels that cross underneath the border through the clay- laden soil.
U. S. agents have been waging war against the tunnels for years, using a range of hightech devices from ground- penetrating radar to seismic sensors to find and destroy them. But despite the efforts, drug smugglers continue to build the tunnels, often spending $ 1 million to dig a single pathway equipped with lighting, forced-air ventilation, water pumps, shoring on walls and hydraulic elevators.
Even include railways
Lately, new tunnels have included railways. The bales move on electric mining carts with hand throttles that roll at up to 25 km/ h.
“A tunnel represents an incursion into the U. S., and it’s a national security event,” said Jose M. Garcia, who oversees the federal multi- agency San Diego Tunnel Task Force.
The location of the tunnels helps explain why agents have such difficulty finding them. The area where the most advanced tunnels have been found is adjacent to the Tijuana international airport, where scores of planes take off and land daily. Nearby warehouses buzz with legitimate activity.
“All that noise from the airport is a great advantage to them,” said Victor Clark Alfaro, an anthropologist and human rights activist in Tijuana who also lectures at San Diego State University. “This border is perforated like an anthill.”
U. S. officials say they have found more than 160 tunnels since 1990 along the 3,150- km-mile border, mostly in the stretch of Mexico that borders Arizona and California. In the past 15 months, U. S. agents have busted increasingly
This border is perforated like an anthill.
VICTOR CLARK ALFARO ANTHROPOLOGIST AND HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST
sophisticated tunnels.
Geography and geology make the intensely urban TijuanaSan Diego corridor ideal for the tunnels.
Tijuana is Mexico’s sixth largest city, with 1.3 million people, while San Diego is the eighth largest U. S. city, with several interstate highways. Moreover, soil here has a composition that’s easy to dig.
In a two- week span last November, U. S. agents shut down two sophisticated tunnels that led from an area near Tijuana’s airport to the Otay Mesa industrial park on the U. S. side. Some 45 tonnes of marijuana were seized. The discoveries marked the second year in a row in which elaborate tunnels were found within a 1.5 km of the busy Otay Mesa border crossing.
U. S. officials are sensitive about a public view that they aren’t finding the tunnels.
“Understandably, American citizens react to news stories about the discovery of a large tunnel, complete with plumbing, lights, ventilation and a rudimentary railway system, with a mixture of surprise, indignation, alarm and dismay,” Laura E. Duffy, the U. S. attorney for the Southern District of California, told the Senate drug caucus last June. “How, they ask, can such a sophisticated illegal structure be constructed right under our noses?”
Avoid going too deep
Part of the difficulty, she said, is that drug traffickers use horizontal drills that cost up to $ 75,000 and can cut without disturbing topsoil. The tunnels run anywhere from 10 to 30 metres deep, avoiding greater depths, which would hit underground water tables.
Drug traffickers also have been adept at setting up bogus U. S. companies to rent space in bustling Otay Mesa and its 600 warehouses and 12,000 businesses. Many firms are unaware of activities by their neighbours, perhaps noticing only if there’s truck traffic at unusual hours.
Garcia said that even with devices such as seismic sensors, a majority of tunnel busts came from tipoffs by informants or suspicious warehouse operators.
Sinaloa Cartel took over
Big tunnels are thought to be the work of the Sinaloa Cartel, which has seized control of Tijuana from the local ArellanoFelix cartel after years of bloody conflict and now is operating in tandem with remnants of the group.
Sinaloa operatives employ mining engineers and architects to help construct their tunnels, while keeping knowledge of locations to as few people as possible.
Experts on the San Diego Tunnel Task Force say “some tunnel excavators in Mexico are killed when the job is done to prevent them from spreading the word on the location,” Duffy told senators.
Marijuana growers are turning to ever- larger plantations to meet the capacity of bigger tunnels. Last July, soldiers found a 125- hectare screened and irrigated marijuana plantation near San Quintin, 240 km south of Tijuana, which was four times larger than any such site that had been seized before. Eight months earlier, soldiers seized 134 tonnes of pot in Tijuana, a record.
U. S. and Mexican agents say that tunnel digging, using pneumatic spades, generally is limited to teams of six or seven men. They live at the Tijuana site where the tunnel begins, and excavation is timed to conclude with the harvesting of marijuana crops in late summer and early autumn, so there’s little time for the tunnel to sit idle and be detected.
“The process is tedious,” Garcia said, involving working day and night and lugging bags of dirt along the shaft for removal.
But even with million- dollar investments, Garcia said, the tunnel builders “recoup that by making just one trip, given the value of the narcotics we’ve seized.”
Most bales of marijuana carry stickers, often fanciful images such as Donald Duck, Captain America, Budweiser or Homer Simpson. The stickers indicate ownership and destination, U. S. agents said.
Tunnel operatives make sure to recoup their investments first.
“The way it works is the tunnel guys build it, so their stuff gets through first. Once it gets through, they start hiring out” to other drug organizations, said Louis Gomez, the supervisor of the San Diego Tunnel Task Force, which includes agents of Customs and Border Protection, the Drug Enforcement Administration, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the California Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement.
Tijuana Police Chief Alberto Capella Ibarra said the tunnels kept growing in sophistication.
“It speaks of the strength and economic power of the cartels, because these tunnels are a huge investment for them,” Capella said.