Battle- hardened and bored
Canadian Forces, its troops infused with ‘ warrior spirit,’ seeks new mandate other than combat
Years of combat in Afghanistan has given Canada a battle- hardened, modern military. The question for many soldiers, as the Afghan mission ends, is what we do next.
When the last Canadian soldier boards an aircraft and takes off from Kabul on March 31, 2014, the event will be welcomed by a war- weary Canadian public and political leaders. For better or worse, this country’s longest military engagement will have come to an end.
But within National Defence headquarters, a new challenge will emerge: What to do with a well- equipped and battlehardened military that has been infused with a new- found “warrior spirit” but is facing the prospects that Afghanistan will be Canada’s last ground war for a generation?
It’s a question that has been voiced, both publicly and in private, by senior military officers, who acknowledge the army is entering a down period, where soldiers who have grown accustomed to war will face disillusionment, impatience and frustration.
Much has been written about the psychological and physical toll the Afghanistan mission has wreaked on Canada’s men and women in uniform over more than a decade: 158 soldiers killed; more than 2,000 wounded; and countless thousands more suffering from post- traumatic stress and other mental injuries.
At the same time, the army’s fleet of armoured vehicles has been forced into the garage for refits and overhauls after years of heavy use and IED attacks.
As a result, pundits and military officers said the Canadian Army would need at least a year to recover once the mission in Afghanistan was over — a wellearned break that Canada’s tired soldiers would welcome.
Soldiers itch for action
But when Chief of Defence Staff Gen. Walter Natynczyk was asked by members of Parliament last year whether the military was looking for a breather after more than a decade in Afghanistan, his response spoke volumes.
“The first question [ by soldiers] no matter where we go is, ‘ Sir, where are we going to go next? We want to go somewhere, where is it going to be?’ ” Natynczyk told members of the Commons defence committee.
“And even when we’re welcoming those folks home — they’re on their way home and they haven’t seen their loved ones yet — their first line to us is, ‘ Sir, where is the next mission? I just want to know.’ ”
Indeed, as a testimony to their desire to serve in Afghanistan, more than one- quarter of the nearly 40,000 Canadian soldiers who went there did two or more tours despite having ways to stay home if they wanted.
Earlier this year while he was saying goodbye to his wife, Beth, and their home in Kingston, Ont., to return to Afghanistan for a fifth time, Sgt. Paul O’brien said: “I went there because this is what I do. I love what I do, and if I didn’t, I’d pack it in tomorrow.”
He looked back at the “dirty ’ 90s,” when soldiers were so bored they’d change the tires on the trucks to keep busy, and how his career “peaked” when he was involved in Operation Medusa in 2006, which was the scene of some of the most intense combat Canadian soldiers had seen since Korea.
“When you get back into garrison life, it really discourages a lot of guys,” O’brien said. “The question becomes ‘ When do we go next?’ Adrenalin is a drug and they need that heartpumping excitement and that level of unknown to keep them happy now.”
Speaking to the Commons defence committee on Nov. 22, Canadian Army Commander Lt.- Gen. Peter Devlin said: “Conflict and war are great for recruiting, to be quite honest with you. The lineups at the recruiting centre are long when there is anticipation of representing Canada powerfully in conflict.”
Forces need experts
But Devlin also acknowledged that with the end of the Afghan mission, “I suspect the lines will not be as long in the years ahead.”
This will not be a concern for the army; even if the federal budget hadn’t capped the size of the military at current levels, the end of the Afghanistan mission means creating and sustaining a large fighting force is no longer the top priority.
Instead, the focus has already shifted from recruiting front line soldiers to finding Canadians with technical expertise, such as mechanics and communications specialists, that is in short supply.
Even then, says retired majorgeneral David Fraser, who commanded all NATO troops in southern Afghanistan in 2006, it is vitally important that the military hold onto the soldiers who served in Afghanistan because of the valuable experience they gained there.
“The army’s all about people,” he told Postmedia News. “We have to keep and maintain our people. There’s so much invested in them that if we lose their support, it would be very hard to rebuild the organization that we have right now.”
Wary of ground conflicts
Still, for those who signed up in the hopes of serving in Afghanistan or on another major mission — and for the hundreds if not thousands of Canadian soldiers who served in Afghanistan and are looking for their next deployment — a new reality has arrived.
The war in Afghanistan, which Prime Minister Stephen Harper himself noted will have lasted longer than the two world wars combined as of 2014, has created a wariness in Canada and other NATO countries about sending ground forces into conflict.
At the same time, NATO’S air and sea campaign in Libya last year has been seen as an unmitigated success — especially since Canada and its allies were able to leave soon after and not get caught in a protracted war.
Canadian soldiers will still lend a helping hand in emergencies such as floods and forest fires at home, while small numbers can look forward to peacekeeping missions in the Middle East, Africa and Haiti.
But the heady days of deploying to Afghanistan or another theatre of war as part of a robust fighting force appear to be over for the foreseeable future — which the head of the army acknowledged will create challenges.
“Guys and gals join the Canadian Forces because they want to do good things for their country,” Devlin told the Senate committee. “They seek a level of excitement and challenge.
Train for new missions
Devlin indicated the shortterm answer will be a focus on training for new missions, such as jungle warfare and the Arctic.
“Winter warfare training is something that a generation of soldiers have not done,” he said. “It is genuinely exciting to learn how to get dressed in order to operate in the winter and to understand how complex it is to operate in the winter.”
But a senior officer said Canada’s soldiers can only go to the Arctic so many times before they get bored. And there will be those who will find the prospects of going back to a period of seemingly endless training extremely difficult to swallow.
Fraser says the situation is similar to what the Canadian military faced after the Second World War.
“We’re kind of back in 1946, where the Canadian Forces have come out and they are battletested; they have young men and women that all they’ve ever known is combat,” he said. “So the leadership challenges are more pronounced today than they ever have been.”
In an article written in November 2009, former chief of defence staff Maurice Baril put forward the idea of Canada returning to peacekeeping and participating in stabilization missions — as happened when 2,000 soldiers were deployed to Haiti to provide short- term assistance in the aftermath of the January 2010 earthquake.
“Suggesting that the [ Canadian Forces] return home and retire to mothballs seems a waste of talent, treasure, life and lessons learned,” Baril said. “Peacekeeping is not dead, but has evolved. Having Canada re- engage substantively in UN missions and UN- mandated mission with ‘ boots on the ground’ could have significant and positive impact.”
A poll conducted by Nanos Research in October 2010 indicated that Canadians believed peacekeeping and North American security should be the military’s priorities, while most Canadians were opposed to another combat mission like Afghanistan.
As of this past April, Canada ranked 53rd out of 117 nations with 163 personnel deployed on UN peacekeeping operations. That number is deceiving, however, as 130 were police officers and only 14 were soldiers.
The nature of peacekeeping has changed in the past decade. The majority of blue berets now are from countries such as Bangladesh, Egypt and Brazil, with developed countries such as Canada offering high- level support.
Peacekeeping duties
Peacekeeping missions are also increasingly focused on protecting civilians rather than separating warring factions, and also include stabilization and assistance — as the Canadian military did in Haiti after the devastating January 2010 earthquake.
Baril said the Canadian military’s experience in Afghanistan would lend itself to either mission.
“The [ Canadian Forces’] experience in the counterinsurgency in Afghanistan has resulted in military forces whose capacity to engage in either peace enforcement or robust peacekeeping would be valuable to current UN operations,” he wrote.
“The return of CF to a more active role in UN peace missions would provide a means by which the experiences in Afghanistan could be shared with other troop and police-contributions countries,” Baril added.
Whatever role the army finds itself in over the next few years, Fraser says, the keys will be strong leadership to ensure frustration and impatience doesn’t set in — as well as to make sure the army doesn’t get gutted of resources.
But it will also require ensuring front line soldiers feel they have some type of input.
“The warrior spirit has to evolve,” Fraser said.
“We want to build on that spirit and empower our people to take what they learned and build on it.
“It’s a very sophisticated paradigm shift.”