Pope conspired to save lives: survivors
Jesuit priest said to have given safe passage to many in Argentina in late 1970s
SAN MIGUEL, Argentina — Gonzalo Mosca was a radical on the run. Hunted by Uruguay’s dictators, he fled to Argentina, where he narrowly escaped a military raid on his hideout. “I thought that they would kill me at any moment,” Mosca says.
With nowhere else to turn, he called his brother, a Jesuit priest, who put him in touch with the man he credits with saving his life: Jorge Mario Bergoglio.
It was 1976, South America’s dictatorship era, and the future Pope Francis was a 30- something leader of Argentina’s Jesuit order. At the time, the country’s church hierarchy openly sided with the military junta as it kidnapped, tortured and killed thousands of leftists like Mosca.
‘ Historical revisionism’
Critics have argued that Bergoglio’s public silence in the face of that repression made him complicit, too, and they warn against what they see as historical revisionism designed to burnish the reputation of a now- popular pope.
But the chilling accounts of survivors who credit Bergoglio with saving their lives are hard to deny.
They say he conspired right under the soldiers’ noses at the theological seminary he directed, providing refuge and safe passage to dozens of priests, seminarians and political dissidents marked for elimination by the 1976- 1983 military regime.
Mosca was 27 then, a member of a leftist political movement banned by the military government in his home country of Uruguay. Bergoglio answered his call, and rode with him for nearly 30 kilometres to the Colegio Maximo in suburban San Miguel.
“He gave me instructions: ‘ If they stop us, tell them you’re going to a spiritual retreat,’ and ‘ Try to keep yourself a bit hidden,’” Mosca recalled .
Mosca said he could hardly breathe until they had passed through the seminary’s heavy iron doors, but Bergoglio was very calm.
“He made me wonder if he really understood the trouble he was getting into. If they grabbed us together, they would have marched us both off,” said Mosca, who stayed hidden in the seminary for days, until Bergoglio got him an airplane ticket to Brazil.
Soldiers prowled inside the walled gardens but a full raid on the spiritual centre was out of the question since Argentina’s dictators had cloaked themselves in the mantle of
He made me wonder if he really understood the trouble he was getting into. If they grabbed us together, they would have marched us both off. GONZALO MOSCA FORMER MEMBER OF A LEFTIST POLITICAL MOVEMENT
Roman Catholic nationalism. And a constant flow of people masked Bergoglio’s scheming from an air force outpost next door.
Several new books assert that the Pope’s public silence enabled him to save more people.
Bergoglio’s List, by Vatican reporter Nello Scavo, is already being developed into a movie, its title playing on the Schindler’s List film about the Nazi businessman whose subterfuge saved hundreds of Jewish prisoners during the Holocaust.
‘ Owe him their lives’
Marcelo Larraquy, author of Pray for Him, told the AP that Bergoglio saved “20 or 30” people. Scavo said about 100 owe him their lives. Both authors say the full number will likely never be known, largely because Bergoglio remains so circumspect.
Like many Argentines, Bergoglio “remained silent in the face of atrocity,” but he was determined to thwart the death squads when he could, said Larraquy, who runs investigations for the Argentine newspaper Clarin.
“He used back channels, did not complain in public and, meanwhile, he was saving people who sought refuge in the Colegio.”
“He locked them up in the compound, gave them help and food, and set up a logistical network to get them out of the country,” Larr aquy added.
“But his condition for giving them refuge was that they had to give up all political activism.”
New ways of thinking were running through the lower ranks of Latin America’s Catholic Church in the 1970s, influenced by Vatican II reforms announced in 1965. Many lay workers and clergy embraced “liberation theology,” which promoted social justice for the poor.
Theologian terrifi ed
Many were politically active and some were Marxist, but others were simply committed social workers. The right- wing military made few distinctions. Priests as well as Catholic lay workers began to disappear at the hands of death squads.
Sitting in a seminary garden, theologian Juan Carlos Scannone quietly told the AP of the terror he felt decades ago.
Scannone said he was targeted because he promoted a non- Marxist “theology of the people” and worked with slumdwellers in the city’s “misery villages.”
He said Bergoglio not only defended him against criticism within the church, but personally delivered his writings for publication even when the military was trying to find him.
Scannone said he “wrote a lot about the philosophy of liberation and the theology of liberation, which at the time was a naughty word ... Bergoglio would read it and tell me, ‘ Don’t mail this from San Miguel, because it could be censored,’ and he would mail them from Buenos Aires with no return address.”
His recollection suggests Francis’ view on liberation theology may have always been more nuanced than some of his critics suggested before he became Pope. Francis still draws a line against Marxism, but has helped rehabilitate some liberation theologists.
The movement’s founder, Gustavo Gutierrez, received applause this year during a book presentation at the Vatican.
Bergoglio also intervened, at the request of outspoken Bishop Enrique Angelelli, to save three seminarians after Catholic lay workers were killed in western La Rioja province in 1976.
The seminarians were being followed by the same death squads and accused of being “contaminated with Marxist ideas.” No one else would take them.
Bergoglio was able to rescue Mario La Civita, Enrique Martinez and Raul Gonzalez just as Angelelli was assassinated in August 1976.
“I watched him save lives,” La Civita recalled. “It was a difficult time because two or three soldiers were always walking around in the back of the compound.”
But Bergoglio couldn’t save everyone he tried to help.
Beyond help
Esther Ballestrino de Careaga, a Communist who had been Bergoglio’s boss in a laboratory before he became a priest, pleaded with him to hide the Marxist literature in her house after her daughter was kidnapped and son- in- law disappeared.
“Those were the books that Bergoglio fought ( against), but he carried them away anyway,” Larr aquy said.
A short while later, she co- founded the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, publicly demanding that the junta account for the missing. Soon, she disappeared.