Mystery kidney disease takes its toll
After 20 years of research, nobody is sure why farmers in northern area continue to be stricken
KONKETIYAWA, Sri Lanka
Karunawathie isn’t hungry for breakfast. She rarely is these days, but she forces herself to choke down a few bites of rice, dried fish and a simple coconut mix. The doctors say it’s better to have something in her stomach before the four-hour dialysis treatments.
She’s going for her second session of the week, dressed all in pink, right down to her flip-flops. Her fingers and toes are fat with fluid, and her spongy arms feel like soft water balloons. Since she can no longer pass liquids on her own, doctors have told her to drink only 500 millilitres a day equal to less than a can and a half of soda.
As she walks unsteadily to the door, her two youngest children, 16 and 11, kneel before her and place their heads at her feet in a traditional show of respect.
V.G. Karunawathie is only 40 years old, but she is dying, and no one knows why. Her kidneys have stopped working, and now she’s kept alive by a pump that filters waste from her blood twice a week through a snorkel-like tube implanted into her neck.
The cause of her disease, which affects an estimated 70,000 to 400,000 people in Sri Lanka’s rice basket, has baffled doctors and researchers for two decades. Even the World Health Organization hasn’t been able to pinpoint what’s killing as many as 10 people a month in Karunawathie’s impoverished village ravaging one house while sparing the next as it creeps farther and farther into neighbouring areas.
The disease mirrors equally confounding conditions plaguing thousands of farm workers in parts of India, Egypt and Central America.
Suspected causes include chronic dehydration and the heavy use and misuse of agrochemicals. Sri Lanka is one of the heaviest users of fertilizers in the world. No single cause has been identified, but theories about possible combinations abound. Many believe the disease could be set off by a mix of factors that could include toxic algae, heavily mineralized groundwater, heavy metal exposure, and high fluoride levels in drinking water.
But to Karunawathie, there is no mystery at all. She understands more about this so-called chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology than anyone should.
It killed her father, mother and five brothers. Three of her brothers and sisters are also sick.
The youngest of a dozen children, Karunawathie was diagnosed with the disease 12 years ago. Since then, she’s been told to stop eating fish and lotus root and to abandon her aluminum pots and pans for clay cooking utensils.
She’s heard arsenic is to blame along with cadmium, lead and even homebrewed alcohol. Like most, she believes there’s something in the water.
Limited treatment
But Karunawathie has long given up trying to determine the source of her family’s killer. Instead, she lives day to day at the mercy of a machine. And even that’s not a sure thing.
Dialysis is supposed to be given three times a week, but most Sri Lankan patients get it only twice since just 183 machines exist nationwide even though 2,000 new patients are in need annually. Critics say it’s just one area where the government is failing the sick.
Clean drinking water still isn’t available in all affected areas, only a handful of kidney specialists practise in public hospitals and there’s no national donor transplant program.
With few options, many desperate patients are forced to burn through their meagre savings, travelling hours every week by bus for treatment only to be too exhausted afterward to return home. Instead, they sprawl out on hospital grounds or in hallways for the night. Or they simply stay home and wait to die.
Karunawathie is fortunate to live only 10 kilometres from basic care. But the ride on the back of her son’s motorbike is a torturous trip across scabbed pavement framed by a tangle of trees alive with monkeys and peacocks.
When she reaches the hospital on this day, there’s bad news: All the dialysis units are being used.
Karunawathie is told to come back later. But with each step, her strength is dying.
Changing farm practices
More than a half-century ago, after Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain, farmers were encouraged to move to the hot, dusty North Central province with offers of free land.
Driven by the Green Revolution of the 1960s, the teardrop-shaped island south of India abandoned ancient farming practices for modern techniques and adopted chemicals that promised the dream of selfsufficiency.
Rice paddies and vegetable fields soon dotted the vast, flat land irrigated by large reservoirs. And today, Sri Lanka produces enough rice to feed its 20 million people.
Karunawathie’s father was among those who moved from the cool, airy mountains to claim a piece of this harsh ground. He earned good money farming tobacco when she was a child, and the whole family helped harvest and handle the pesticide-coated leaves often stacked in a bedroom to dry.
Then in 1987, her father died after his kidneys suddenly gave out. He was one of the first in Konketiyawa village to succumb.
The unexplained disease wasn’t noticed by doctors until a few years later, after it started popping up elsewhere in the area. Unlike most kidney cases, there was no link to diabetes or hypertension. Instead, patients arrived at hospitals complaining of fatigue, loss of appetite, joint pain and difficulty passing water.
Within months, they were dead. Many were men in their 30s and 40s who had laboured in the paddy fields from the time the searing sun awoke until it faded red in 37 C-plus temperatures. No cases were detected outside the so-called dry zone, even though farming is practised across the island famous for its teas.
Heavy use of chemicals
By 2003, Dr. Tilak Abeysekera was alarmed by the growing number of patients he was seeing, including family clusters. He began travelling to affected areas to screen entire villages. A telltale protein was found in about 10 per cent of the urine samples, and biopsies later revealed that something was destroying tissue that supports the kidney’s filters, causing the organ to shrink.
He diagnosed Karunawathie that same year. But more than a decade later, he is no closer to understanding the cause.
“That type of disease you get in response to toxin exposure,” says the aging, bespectacled doctor, who heads the kidney department at the Teaching Hospital in Kandy. “That’s what led us to think this is an environmental disease from exposure to a toxin. How it gets into the human body is still debatable.”
While the death rate has climbed to as many as 20,000, the source continues to baffle, just as it does along Central America’s Pacific coast. A similar number of mostly sugar cane farmers have died there during the past two decades.
The problem has become so dire in one part of Nicaragua, it’s been dubbed the “island of widows.”
Two areas in India and a pocket of Egypt have also been hit.
Despite millions spent on numerous studies in Sri Lanka — some led by distinguished local researchers and others conducted using questionable methodology — new cases continue to emerge.
The media have reported voraciously on all probable causes, including one group’s claim that a vision from God led them to discover arsenic as the source.
The latest paper blames glyphosate, the country’s top weed killer that’s known worldwide as Roundup. That hypothesis, published in a littleknown open access journal last February, suggests the agrochemical, introduced by U.S.-based Monsanto, forms a bond with heavy metals in food and drinking water that eventually destroys the kidneys. Glyphosate has been detected by the WHO in 65 per cent of those sickened by the mystery kidney disease.
Although the theory has never been proven and Monsanto dismisses the claim, a minister announced in March that after seeing the report, then-President Mahinda Rajapaksa decided to ban the herbicide. The order was never enforced following industry protests and the chemical wasn’t even officially outlawed until last month, in what was seen largely as a political move to win votes ahead of January’s election. Glyphosate is still being sold in Sri Lanka.
Everyone is in agreement about one thing: Farmers living in the affected area douse their fields with too many chemicals, mixing up concoctions that sometimes include kerosene and multiple poisons. Most workers rarely, if ever, wear protective gear.
“You would think that this is such a major health issue that there would be a tremendous outpouring of sympathy and support, but instead there is all these political and economic interests behind the scenes that is sort of blocking addressing this issue,” says Asoka Bandarage, a Sri Lankan academic in the U.S. who has written about the problem.
“Even if it’s not a definitive link, I think there’s enough evidence or suspicion that they should really try to find alternatives to such heavy use of pesticides.”
President promises help
The non-stop swirl of confusing information has fuelled fear, especially since the affected area has expanded from two districts to seven.
At the first sign of a simple backache or stomach cramp, villagers worry they’ve got “the kidney disease.” Some try to drink as little from their wells as possible and give the only bottled water they can afford to their children, leading to chronic dehydration that exacerbates the condition.
Others living in the hard-hit area of Padaviya, where Karunawathie’s village is located, are concerned about marriage prospects due to growing stigma. Women are wary of moving there, and in some places, young men are fleeing to cities in hopes of escaping their family medical histories.
“They are the farmers who have fed the nation for the last three or four decades,” says Hemantha Withanage, head of the non-profit Centre for Environmental Justice. “Now they are dying, and the country is not looking after them.”
The Health Ministry is expanding screening to try to figure out just how many people are affected and to improve early detection. It also plans to supply more medicine and dialysis machines, adding nearly a third of the country’s units in 2013. But the kidney disease is already gobbling up to five per cent of the national health budget.
Newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena is a former health minister who hails from one of the hardest-hit areas. As part of his campaign, he donated money received for election posters to a fund set up for kidney patients. He also has promised to do more to address the problem.
Men over 39 hardest hit
The WHO report published two years ago is seen as the most credible research so far.
It found disease in 15 per cent of adults in three affected districts, hitting male farmers over 39 years old the hardest even though more women with less-advanced disease were seen overall. Elevated cadmium and pesticide residues were detected in urine, leading the authors to surmise that they may be damaging patients’ kidneys over time, in combination with other factors such as arsenic.
Water — the source widely suspected as the culprit — came up clean.
However, the WHO study’s Genevabased author, Shanthi Mendis, says it could still be playing a key role when combined with other factors. She adds that the government must provide safe drinking water and regulate the use of agrochemicals. Pesticide bans and plans to truck in water are not solutions.
“This drinking water should have been put right years ago,” she says. “Nobody’s really taking any real action. They’re just talking.”
Fertilizer is another issue. For years, the government has heavily subsidized imports coming mostly from China. Rice farmers only pay about $2.70 for each 50-kilogram bag. If that suddenly stopped, protests would likely follow.
Although the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ranked Sri Lanka among the world’s top 30 users of fertilizer per hectare in 2011, the Agriculture Ministry has slowly started decreasing how many bags it distributes — amounting to about 750,000 tonnes annually at a cost over $300 million. It says it’s pushing for a gradual return to the old ways of chemicalfree cultivation.
But farmers, worried about their yields and meagre bottom lines, aren’t keen to go back. They say agrochemicals are far cheaper and easier than manual labour and produce just enough output for their families to survive, especially during a recent drought that turned once-verdant fields into endless acres of abandoned brown stalks.
Karunawathie’s husband and brother, who has early stage kidney disease, both work seasonally on farms, earning about $150 a month. They never used to wear masks or gloves when spraying chemicals, but take precautions now.
Her brother says the poisons cause people to lose their appetite, and he sometimes vomits into the dirt. As a result, he never eats or drinks while spraying.
Like everyone else in the village, the family has always relied on foul-tasting well water, heavy with calcium and magnesium that turn the water hard. They gladly abandoned it last year, when the government set up a filtration plant just down the road.
Karunawathie says it tastes much better, but she doesn’t know if it’s the answer. She’s sure it’s too late for her and many neighbours who are already sick, but she hopes the clean water will keep her three children from becoming the next generation to suffer.
“I don’t feel any different since I started drinking the filtered water,” she says. “I’ve seen a lot of deaths in the family, and I also think I will go through the same thing.”
Kidney transplants rare
Despite recently emerging from a quarter-century of civil war, Sri Lanka has built a strong health system that’s the envy of its neighbours. Child and maternal survival rates are among the best in Asia, and most care is free.
The Buddhist-dominated country also has a long history of eye donation through a local non-profit that’s made it one of the world’s top cornea providers, yet no national kidney cadaver transplant program exists to help save lives.
It’s a frustration that overwhelms doctors who say until the cause of the mystery is found, the government’s focus must switch from searching for the reason to providing the only longterm solution available. Less than 50 transplants have been performed at Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, the affected area’s main health facility, while desperate patients post daily newspaper ads with their photos and blood types, pleading for someone to help.
“Four or five people are added every week to dialysis, a minimum of three a week,” says Dr. Charitha Weesasinghe, a kidney surgeon at the hospital. “But without transplant, you just wait for them to die.”
Karunawathie’s brother is the only family member lucky enough to get a kidney after a well-off man in their village came forward. As a police officer, he was well cared for in a special hospital until he recovered.
Karunawathie herself is not even hoping for a donor, and says she would refuse even if someone offered such a precious gift. The person would need to be properly cared for after surgery, and she has no money to offer.
Instead, she weakly straddles the motorbike at dusk and rests her head on her son’s shoulder after her second trip to the hospital for treatment the same day.
As the oldest child, 21-year-old B.R. Pradeep Nuwan Weerawansa says he is treasuring whatever time he has left with his mother. But it’s hard to watch her strength wither, with each life-saving treatment leaving her weak.
“I want to give her whatever I can while she’s still living,” he says. “She’s gone beyond the stage of recovery.”
On this day, she finally gets her time with the machine, but all has not gone well. Karunawathie’s skin is clammy, and she complains it’s so hot, she feels as if steam is coming out of her body. Pinches of electric shock pulse through her arms.
By the time she gets home, her eyelids are heavy, and she’s breathing hard through her mouth. Her motherin-law, who’s been losing weight lately from her own advancing kidney disease, helps drag her into the house, where she collapses onto a bed by the front door.
She whimpers and calls for a fan to try to move the suffocating air, but there is no relief. Her children kneel and stroke her head, trying to offer the only comfort they can.
Karunawathie knows it won’t be long now. She’s seen this disease enter her village too many times, always with the same cruel ending.
“When the call comes, we have to be prepared to go,” she says, softly. “We can’t run away and escape.”
That night, she’s rushed back to the hospital where doctors work to stabilize her. She fights through the pain only to wake the next morning to learn that death has found someone else.
Another neighbour is gone. She wonders if she’ll be next.
Four or five people are added every week to dialysis, a minimum of three a week. But without transplant, you just wait for them to die.
DR. CHARITHA WEESASINGHE
KIDNEY SURGEON AT ANURADHAPURA TEACHING HOSPITAL IN SRI LANKA