SIX INVESTING MISTAKES RETIREES MAKE
There are factors we can control that can help in the long run, Jason Heath writes.
The financial industry and media focus a lot on investing. People want to know if stocks are going to go up or down. Is the Canadian dollar going to strengthen? Should they buy bitcoin? I have no interest in security selection or market timing myself. These are grey areas and I prefer to focus on black and white.
I do not sell investments, but I spend a lot of my time talking to investors and investment advisers about them. Since I am not preoccupied with what to buy or sell or when, I spend a lot of time helping prevent avoidable mistakes with retirees’ investments.
There are lots of mistakes that investors make, but there are six common ones I observe specifically with retirees.
PREOCCUPATION WITH AMASSING DIVIDENDS
Dividends sound like an investor’s dream — particularly a retiree. You buy a stock and receive a steady quarterly payment that generally rises over time. There are five Canadian banks, three pipelines and three telecoms, among other stocks on the S&P/ TSX 60, currently paying dividends of more than 3.5 per cent. Some retirees would buy these 11 stocks and call it a day. Besides not being well diversified, there are other problems with this approach.
Dividends are a cash distribution of profit agreed upon by a company’s board of directors. Companies that do not pay dividends may be equally profitable, but their board of directors may decide to reinvest the profits in the business, leading to future growth or future dividends. So, a company that does not pay out a dividend or pays a lower dividend may provide more of its return to an investor in the form of future capital gains, stock price increases or dividends. Dividend yields alone do not make one stock a better investment than another.
From a taxation perspective, in a taxable non-registered account, capital gains are only 50 per cent taxable and tax is only payable once capital gains are realized when a stock is sold. Dividends, on the other hand, are taxable every year as an investor receives them. Capital gains may therefore allow for better tax deferral and even better tax efficiency in non-registered accounts, although at low levels of income, Canadian dividends may be taxed at a lower rate than capital gains during a given year.
The point is there are different ways to earn a return. You can create your own dividend by simply selling appreciated investments over time as you need the income. There is also research that suggests that smaller companies that pay lower dividends or no dividends may generate higher all-in returns than established dividend paying stocks over the long run.
Try to avoid accumulating a portfolio of bank stocks, pipelines and telecoms simply because they have high dividends. Everyone else knows they have high dividends too so buying them is not somehow outsmarting the stock market or other investors.
RELUCTANCE TO REALIZE CAPITAL GAINS
Capital gains can be a bit of a trap. Investors buy stocks, sometimes hold them for a long time and often end up with large deferred capital gains in taxable non-registered accounts. Tax paralysis can prevent people from selling appreciated investments that they do not really want to own any more or can cause an individual holding to become too large a proportion of an investor’s portfolio.
The result may be that tax deferral becomes more important than prudent investing. The benefit of tax deferral — which is not like tax savings and is only temporary — may be offset by a poor investment strategy.
Seeing as how capital gains will need to be realized eventually, whether to help fund retirement or at the very least at death when you are deemed to sell all your assets, a strategic realization of capital gains may be better than indefinite deferral.
DRAWING A RRIF TOO LATE
You may not have to take withdrawals from your Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF) until you turn 72, but that does not mean that you should always wait that long. Particularly for those who retire early, taking RRIF withdrawals long before age 72 should be considered.
RRIF withdrawals are fully taxable and if a retiree has a low income in their ‘60s, but a high income in their ‘70s, they often end up paying more lifetime tax by deferring their RRIF withdrawals. Delayed RRSP conversion could lead to a retiree being pushed into a higher tax bracket or even having their Old Age Security (OAS) pension reduced or outright eliminated through OAS clawback if their income is too high.
STARTING CPP/OAS EARLY TO SECURE INVESTMENTS
Most Canadians start their Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Old Age Security (OAS) pensions at age 65. The reason is two-fold in my opinion.
The first is because they get CPP and OAS applications in the mail when they are 64. I suspect most people simply assume they are supposed to fill them out and just start their pensions at 65 by default, without much foresight.
Another reason is that most people would rather preserve their investments by starting their pension incomes than draw down their investments and delay their pensions. CPP and OAS can be delayed until age 70 at the latest and result in 8.4 per cent and 7.2 per cent annual increases in pension entitlement respectively. For those who expect to live a long life into their ‘80s, deferring their CPP and OAS and withdrawing from their investments may be advantageous and provide more retirement income in the long run.
POOR USE OF TFSAS
I have always thought the name “Tax Free Savings Account” was a bad one for the TFSA. It suggests it is like a savings account, as opposed to a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP), meant for retirement. They are both meant for saving, investing and retirement. Statistics show most money in TFSAs is in cash instead of invested. This may be a mistake for retirees who hold cash in their TFSA.
Another mistake I notice is that people may forego TFSA contributions in retirement because they feel they do not have the cash flow to make contributions. They are in drawdown mode, so how can they contribute to their TFSA?
If retirees have non-registered savings, they would be wise to shift money to their TFSA each year to make their annual contribution. And as stated previously, early RRIF withdrawals often make sense for retirees and may generate the opportunity to contribute to or at least preserve TFSA savings.
INCORRECT ASSET ALLOCATION
Many investors have the same asset allocation across all their accounts. This may not be the best approach.
I think it is important to look at which accounts you will be drawing from and when to try to determine asset allocation and where to hold more conservative investments versus more aggressive ones.
Different investment income is taxed differently as well, so tax efficiency is also important when determining where to hold what.
It can also be very taxing to hold more conservative investments in a taxable non-registered account or a tax-free TFSA account, while holding stocks in a registered account. Imagine you had two $100,000 accounts. One of them was in GICs earning two per cent and the other in stocks earning six per cent. After 10 years, the GIC account would be worth $121,899 and the stock account would be worth $179,085.
Would you rather the larger account be your tax-deferred RRSP account, where your withdrawals are 100 per cent taxable to you, or would you prefer that growth in your more tax-efficient accounts? In a TFSA, those withdrawals would be tax-free and in a non-registered account, capital gains are only 50 per cent taxable, with the other 50 per cent tax-free.
I do not know whether stocks are going to go up or down in 2018. I am not sure what is going to happen with the loonie. And I must admit that I do not really understand bitcoin, nor do I know how much it will be worth a year from now. But what I do know is that retirees make a lot of avoidable mistakes with their investments.
There are plenty of competing factors well beyond our control when we invest. I like to focus on the things I can control and so should you.