`PEACE OF MIND'
Facing harsh economic and housing realities, thousands of British Columbians are packing up and going to Alberta
John Cullen promised his friends he would be back once he graduated from high school — after all, he was a Torontonian at heart.
That was until Cullen flew to Vancouver with his family, seeing the snow-capped Rockies peeking over the clouds from his airplane window, marvelling at the turquoise lakes below.
It took only a year for the then13-year-old to realize Vancouver was where he belonged. “There's just something about the fresh air in B.C.,” he said. “It just felt like, `Gosh, I mean, this is beautiful.' “
Cullen didn't return to Toronto as promised. Instead, he studied at the University of B.C., pursuing a bachelor's degree in English literature.
He found a home in Vancouver's thriving arts scene, drumming for an indie rock band. Later, he began working as a high school teacher, and at age 25 he ventured into comedy, eventually becoming a professional comedian.
He thought he'd never leave Vancouver — until the shifting economic reality of the city reached his doorstep.
Cullen and his partner in 2016 settled into a two-bedroom apartment, for which they paid $1,600 a month in rent — a bargain in a city where prices for similar spaces soar above $3,000. The amount inched up only a few per cent over seven years, thanks to rent control. Then, in 2023, he received a notice of renovation.
The couple wasn't asked to leave, but every day they would wake up to the sounds of workers hammering and sawing — an inconvenience they were told would last up to five years. This was especially difficult for Cullen, who sometimes taught high school students and ran a podcast from home.
In an ideal world, it wouldn't have been a problem. But in 2023, moving to a new apartment in Vancouver could mean paying double or sometimes triple in rent — if they could find a space.
A few months later, in September, the couple was in Calgary, buying a condo in Winston Heights.
Cullen is among thousands of B.C. residents flocking to Alberta.
Statistics Canada estimates the number to be 37,650 in 2023 alone. For the first time since 2012, B.C. lost more people than it gained, and almost all of those who moved in the final quarter of 2023 flowed to Alberta — a break from a trend where people in the Prairie province sought out the West Coast as a place to live after retirement.
The reasons for the move across the border into Alberta are diverse: For many, it's the dream of home ownership. For others, it's the promise of economic opportunities. And for a few, it's an escape from a rise in crime and disorder.
Such factors aren't far from why people historically settled in Alberta.
Frank Trovato, who teaches sociology at the University of Alberta, said the main driver for migration to the province has been the price of oil. The higher the price, the stronger the economic growth, resulting in a larger influx of migrants.
Typically, interprovincial migration to Alberta has largely followed periods of prosperity. Populations rose during the boom between 1973 and 1980, the economic recovery in the mid-1990s and a spell of growth from 2000 to 2008. The inverse is also true: when the economy shrinks, people leave the province.
Alberta is currently experiencing rapid growth following a downturn ushered in by COVID -19. The price of oil ( WTI) jumped to $120 a barrel in 2022, dropping to the low 90s in September, and averaging $85 as of April 3. It has the highest employment rate of all the provinces at 65.5 per cent, compared with 61.7 per cent in B.C. and 60.6 per cent in Ontario.
“Given the economic growth in Alberta, it is not surprising that Alberta is receiving significant increases in interprovincial migrants from other provinces, particularly Ontario and B.C.,” Trovato wrote in an emailed statement.
“Alberta's favourable economic situation explains a large part of its recent increases in net interprovincial migratory gains.”
But new migrants are also escaping soaring living costs in other major Canadian cities.
The average price of a detached home in Vancouver is $1,943,200, while wages in the city are nowhere near what it would take to afford a house. RBC has called it a “full-blown” crisis. Another report deemed B.C. the country's most unaffordable place for a renter to live.
In contrast, a house in Calgary sells for $567,900, with a similar property in Edmonton priced at $508,411. As the reality dawns on people, the lure of B.C.'s beauty and warmth gives way to the chance of raising a family and having more disposable income.
Cullen had been to Calgary several times on tour for his comedy shows. He fell in love with the city's food scene, especially with restaurants including Major Tom, Ten Foot Henry and Noble Pie. It was sunny and close to Banff. It was multicultural and not as massive as Toronto.
The couple felt accepted into the Calgary community. However, one challenge for Cullen has been to reconcile with Alberta's politics. He doesn't agree with a few provincial policies, including those around transgender youth, although he finds comfort in the city's young progressive population.
While conservative politics has been a compromise for some newcomers from B.C., others such as Jeremy Odell were especially drawn to its promises. Odell, who's originally from Memphis, Tenn., moved to Campbell River from Ontario in 2014 after separating from his former wife.
“I kind of felt like Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz — `Toto, we're not in Kansas anymore,' ” Odell said. “I remember driving around Campbell River at 6 a.m., and I'm going along the waterfront, and I watched a couple of humpback whales jumping.”
Odell, who worked as a sales associate at a big box retailer, was also a part-time harm reduction medic at Vancouver Island Mental Health Society, reviving people from drug overdoses. As years went by, he tired of seeing more and more people succumb to their addiction.
“You just get tired of it.” One day, a man entered the store Odell worked at, ordering him to hand over money while brandishing a knife. Odell's colleagues called 911, after which officers arrived at the store and arrested the man. The incident was the last straw for Odell.
“Campbell River is still small enough that even when that person gets out of jail, you're still going to see him around town, so you may wind up in a situation at McDonald's where you're fighting for your life or your wife's honour.”
He and his current wife, who is also a harm reduction medic, began looking for houses in Alberta, which focuses more on addiction treatment than providing a safer supply of illicit drugs.
The couple eventually settled on a townhouse in Cochrane.
“I love being able to look out my bedroom window and see the Rocky Mountains — love all of the big-town amenities with a smalltown charm,” he said.
“There's always going to be those people, asking new residents, `Well, why did you move here? You are ruining my little town.' Well, it's that little town vibe that people love.”
Beyond changing the character of a region, many have raised questions about Alberta's ability to accommodate newcomers. The province has been growing for 10 consecutive quarters, swelling by 202,324 residents in 2023 — roughly twice the population of Red Deer. Ontario and B.C. were the largest sources of interprovincial migration, while almost two-thirds were international immigrants.
In contrast, only 35,223 housing units in 2023 were added in the province, according to the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp., tightening the vacancy rate in major cities, including Calgary, which is at 1.4 per cent. CMHC predicts housing in Calgary will become scarcer and more expensive in 2025.
Vibrant Communities, a non-profit research organization, estimates lower housing availability in Calgary has pushed 115,000 people to the brink of homelessness.
Josh White, outgoing director of city and regional planning at the City of Calgary, told Postmedia the number of people who arrived in the city was double what was anticipated. “The city is under pretty extraordinary growth pressures,” White said.
The city has three components in its strategy to address population growth: expanding existing infrastructure, opening city lands for development and boosting job growth. Over the past five years, White said, the city has spent close to $300 million developing new communities with services such as water and sewer infrastructure, and between $150 million and $200 million in strengthening established areas by servicing streets, transit, parks and utilities.
However, the city is limited in its approach to addressing newcomers. Broader areas, including education and health care, fall under the province's jurisdiction, and though the 2024 provincial budget increased spending in these areas, it remains below the demands of an ever-growing population, according to Chetan Dave, an economist and professor at the University of Alberta.
Complicating the problem of the province and major cities is the prospect of people leaving in droves when times are tough. “The risk is that you just spend a bunch of money building schools that are going to be empty,” he said.
In an emailed response, Justin Brattinga, senior press secretary for the Ministry of Treasury Board and Finance, said, “Budget 2024 had the largest capital plan in Alberta's history at $25 billion, with a $2 billion increase over last year.
“It includes $2.4 billion to help municipalities fund infrastructure projects; with $539 million specifically for water and waste infrastructure improvement. It also invests $1.9 billion to advance 43 priority school projects, and in total 98 schools are at various stages of construction across the province. Budget 2024 also allocates $3.6 billion for health facilities.”
Conflicting with growing pressures on service providers is Alberta's vision to expand the province's population to 10 million from 4.3 million by 2050. The aspiration is being manifested in part through its Alberta is Calling campaign, which offers a tax credit of $5,000 — roughly the cost of moving — to newcomers from different parts of the country.
The economic argument is that as more people move to Alberta, the province will increase its tax base and fund further expansions. Dave believes that will take time, and people need services now.
And while more people have added to the province's coffers, they are also likely contributing to its above-average unemployment rate, say some economists. A reason could be that “we haven't fully diversified our economy away from oil and gas and related activities,” Dave added.
Meanwhile, many who shifted to B.C. are now returning to Alberta. Scott Smith grew up in Lethbridge after moving from Ontario with his family.
He travelled around the world, working on several energy projects as a machinist. In 2014, he was poised to settle in Oman with a brief halt in Delt a. Soon, the oil industry crashed, and he stayed in B.C., reuniting with his partner in Surrey.
Over the years, the couple moved to Prince George and then to Kelowna, where they were priced out of the housing market.
By 2022, the couple was tired of renting a house. Then, they heard talk about a new supervised injection site in town. So, they decided to pack their bags for Alberta and buy a home in Brooks.
Life is more affordable now, said Smith, who works as a highway maintenance operator.
“The peace of mind we have living here — I can't say enough about it.”