EMPTY PROMISES
Dozens of tiny homes meant for displaced Maui fire survivors are sitting uninhabited due to red tape
Nesi and LJ Va'a pass the place where their new home should be at least once a day. They say a quick prayer as they drive by. At this point, that's pretty much all they can do.
The couple and three of their kids fled Lahaina on foot as their apartment burned in the August wildfires. They lost everything but the clothes they were wearing — and each other. Since then, like thousands of other West Maui families, they've been living in American Red Cross shelters at local hotels, and they've been shuffled between facilities seven times as the resorts make space for the slow return of tourists to the island.
The plot they now pray over promised stability. The site, vacant land owned by a nearby Christian church, was supposed to host 88 tiny homes, newly constructed to provide two years of rent-free housing for 350 fire survivors. And for months, dozens of the structures have stood on the dusty tract near Maui's main airport, ready for displaced families to move in.
But the project has been tangled in red tape.
The saga of this 10-acre development, overseen by a local social services organization called Family Life Center, offers a window into the often-maddening world of building affordable housing on Maui, where a notoriously long permitting process and a thicket of regulations has stalled projects for decades. Even now, after apocalyptic fires made the already dire housing crisis worse, residents and advocates say the same old delays are preventing small houses from solving a big problem.
“Man, if we had this, it would be perfect,” Nesi, who was born and raised in Lahaina, said of the Family Life Center project. “The frustrating part is not knowing who to go to. Where's the answer?”
More than six months after the fires, some 4,700 people are still living in hotels and desperate for more permanent housing. And after 3,000 structures burned, housing options are more limited than ever and prices are at an alltime high. Experts disagree on just how large a role tiny homes can play in alleviating the crunch, but they say that in an unprecedented emergency like this, the island must pursue every means possible to get residents housed.
“If you have a large family, there's simply no housing that's anywhere near affordable,” said Justin Tyndall, a professor at the University of Hawaii's Economic Research Organization. “These problems existed before the fire but are now being highlighted even more. It's an existential crisis for Maui. Many people have already left and will continue to leave.”
In the weeks following the fires, as the totality of Lahaina's devastation set in, the prospect of inexpensive housing that could be quickly constructed gave many people hope.
Nationwide, the market for these structures has boomed in recent years. Offerings range from a traditional tiny house, which is typically under 400 square feet and could be mounted on a trailer, to more substantial accessory dwelling units, sometimes called “ohanas” in Hawaii, and larger modular homes that top 1,000 square feet.
Right away, non-profits and neighbours began planning for hundreds of units, in clustered developments and backyards.
“The need for housing was huge,” said James Bruggeman, who owns the Maui firm AAA Tiny Homes. “And those of us who live on the island knew that tiny homes were the only solution that could be provided in a timely manner.”
But reality soon set in.
In Maui County, tiny homes fall into a legal grey area, housing advocates said. Like other dwellings, they are subject to restrictive local zoning laws and legendarily long permitting waits.
On top of that, most are prefabricated, a type of structure the state has long opposed in deference to the powerful local construction industry.
Kamie Davis, a Maui-based consultant who advises tiny home developments, said she's working on four properties that would together bring more than 500 units online, but they've each faced delays at the county, which she blames
for failing to establish a specific tiny-home policy.
“If we would have done what we could have done from the very getgo, we would have at least 3,000 homes on the ground today, and we don't,” Davis said. “We have maybe a couple hundred. It's nothing compared to where we should be right now because they choked, they didn't move forward.”
The state signalled that prefab homes would have to be a part of the island's recovery, and Maui County Mayor Richard Bissen said he's talking with the federal government about building up to 1,000 prefab modular houses.
“Through our different partners, we're trying to expand the inventory,” he said in a recent local TV interview. “That's really the key.”
Yuki Lei Sugimura, Maui County Council's vice-chair and a supporter of tiny home projects, said these new steps are encouraging.
“I believe that government probably did not have all the resources, or understand all the things we needed to do” immediately after
the fire, Sugimura said. “But we have a better understanding now.”
Still, time is running out to avoid two major “housing cliffs,” said Matt Jachowski, the director of data, technology and innovation at the Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement. Maui currently houses fire survivors in two primary ways: the hotel shelters and a program that pays premium rates to secure long-term leases at short-term vacation rentals.
If not extended, the hotel program will end in April. Funding for the vacation rentals, which comes largely from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, will be phased out over the next two years.
“The only way we'll have any place for these people to go is if we have these ADUS built,” Jachowski said. “We're going to need to build a lot of new ones — like thousands of new ones.”
One additional obstacle to construction is the question of what happens to the homes after the current crisis ends. Some funders have been unwilling to invest in projects that may only be allowed for a few years, while development-wary community members worry that emergency subdivisions could eventually be replaced by luxury homes, which would only exacerbate the affordability crisis.
Officials have stressed that many of the units would be temporary, and advocates say the county could address those concerns through careful legislation.
“You have to do something now to house people and figure out the knock-on effects once you've solved the core problem,” Jachowski said.
Tyndall, the economist, is skeptical that tiny homes and ADUS alone can solve the problem, but he said they should be part of the county's long-term strategy, alongside larger multi-family housing developments. “There's no reason not to work to expand ADUS,” he said. “But in terms of the overall quantity of housing that gets built, that's going to be only one part of the solution. It should be an `all of the above' approach.”
The Family Life Center development, located on the grounds of a former sugar cane field in the central Maui town of Kahului, was the first high-profile project underway after the fire.
It received international attention, but soon after the spotlight faded, the project became a poster child for postponement. The first units arrived on the island within weeks of the August fire, and the centre hoped families would be able to move in by October.
“We felt like, since this is an emergency, the process would be fairly easy,” said Maude Cumming, Family Life Center's CEO. “But when we asked for direction, it was difficult to get.”
Cumming, who has worked in affordable housing for more than two decades, said the project has run into delays at nearly every step, from historic preservation rules to septic system regulations and water pressure requirements for the units' fire suppression sprinkler system. She wants to comply with all codes, she said, but she's been frustrated at the pace of approval.
The latest hurdle involves an arcane dispute over the project's water source. An influential real estate company and its business park development controls the closest water line, and Family Life Center said it had rebuffed requests for access.
This again delayed the move-in date, Cumming said, because it forced Family Life Center to bore underground to reach another water source. But after The Washington Post began reporting on the back and forth, the real estate company, Alexander & Baldwin, contacted Cumming and agreed to help Family Life Center temporarily access the water line, she said.
“We fully support the FLC project, and have offered to work with FLC to explore ways to get water to the homes so that they can be made available to the displaced families sooner rather than later,” Alexander & Baldwin spokeswoman Andrea Galvin said in a statement. She added that it is “a complex matter and will require the approval of a number of other parties.”
Cumming now hopes fire survivors will be able to move into the tiny homes by the end of the month.