From Marsh to Miracles
Pudong New Area becomes an economic hub through reform, opening up and innovation
When guests from around the world arrived at the Shanghai Pudong International Airport recently to participate in the Third China International Import Expo (CIIE), few could have imagined that this bustling aviation hub on the bank of the Yangtze River used to be a tidal flat till the late 1990s.
Shanghai’s Pudong and Puxi areas, though separated only by the Huangpu River, used to be dissimilar like chalk and cheese. Puxi was prosperous while Pudong was all villages and farmland before the 1990s. There was an old saying in Shanghai: It’s better to have a bed in Puxi than a house in Pudong.
In the past three decades, Pudong has developed into one of the country’s most prosperous areas. On November 12, a grand gathering was held in Shanghai to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the area’s development and opening up. At the gathering, President Xi Jinping called on Pudong to play new roles and accomplish new missions in China’s new march to build a great modern socialist country. In particular, he urged for major innovations in science and technology.
The Central Government made the decision to develop and open up Pudong in April 1990.
It was not a sudden decision. In the 1980s, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the government had the idea of developing Pudong to address the problems hindering Shanghai’s development—traffic congestion, housing scarcity and lack of development space.
It was a strategic decision. Shen Kaiyan, Director of the Institute of Economics at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, told Shanghai-based Xinmin Weekly, “It was a crucial step for aligning China with the rest of the world. The move indicated China’s determination to go ahead with reform and opening up.”
In 1990, Pudong New Area was established and from there, a modern new economic center emerged from farmland. Today, Pudong, which accounts for only about 0.01 percent of China’s territory, produces 1 percent of the country’s GDP and 6 percent of the national import and export value.
Financial hub
Since 1994, Yao Jianliang has been taking panoramic photographs of Lujiazui, a finan
cial hub in Pudong, from a city landmark, the 468-meter Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower that is the fourth highest tower in Asia. It became an annual task for him to document the changing face of Lujiazui with his bird’s-eye-view images. When the China Art Museum in Pudong opened a month-long exhibition, Wind From the East, on October 30 to shine a light on three decades of change, Yao’s photographs were part of the collection.
In the first photo, Lujiazui was full of one-story houses. Following the launch of the policy to open up Pudong, the government decided to build a new trade and finance center in Lujiazui. Yao said he used to wonder how such a backward place could be turned into a financial hub.
Today, the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone is dominated by skyscrapers. Though it has an area of only about 31.78 square km, it houses more than 6,000 financial institutions and over 300,000 financial professionals. Of its 285 commercial buildings, the occupants of 102 buildings pay taxes of over 100 million yuan ($15 million), 30 over 1 billion yuan ($152 million) and four over 5 billion yuan ($758 million).
In the 1990s, the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and the Shanghai Futures Exchange were established in Pudong and a national-level financial market took shape in Shanghai.
Entering the 21st century, with the establishment of the Shanghai Gold Exchange and the China Financial Futures Exchange, Pudong’s financial market further expanded. Shanghai’s financial industry entered a golden age, with its trading volume increasing from 10.8 trillion yuan ($1.6 trillion) in 2001 to 528 trillion yuan ($80 trillion) in 2012, an around 50-fold increase in 12 years, which is a rarity in the development of global financial centers.
In 2014, the Shanghai- Hong Kong Stock Connect was launched, which established a two-way trading link between the SSE and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited. Five years later, the ShanghaiLondon Stock Connect linked the SSE and the London Stock Exchange. Such crossborder financial investment schemes have further opened up China’s financial market to the world. A large number of renowned international financial institutions have set up branches in Pudong.
Pudong has 18 foreign banks and 21 joint-venture fund management companies, both accounting for around half of the total in China.
Today’s Lujiazui is one of the areas with the most complete financial factor market, the most concentrated financial institutions and the most vibrant financial trading in the world.
Hitech zone
To the east of Lujiazui lies the Zhangjiang Science City, a center for integrated circuit and bio-pharmaceutical industries. When Chen Li, CEO of Hua Medicine, visited Zhangjiang in 2001, it was mostly desolate except for a few scientific research institutions under construction.
However, when the drug development company opened in Zhangjiang nine years later, the area was already home to the research and development (R&D) departments of a number of multinational pharmaceutical companies, clinical trial centers and financing platforms for the
pharmaceutical industry. After 10 years’ independent R& D in Zhangjiang, Hua Medicine has developed Dorzagliatin, a new- generation medicine for treating diabetes.
In recent years, Zhangjiang has started to delve into artificial intelligence (AI). The Zhangjiang AI Island, known as Aisland, has drawn over 90 enterprises since its opening in 2018, including the research centers of U.S. tech giants IBM and Microsoft, as well as startups like Chinese facial recognition software developer Cloudwalk.
AI technologies are widely applied on Aisland. It has robots serving as security guards, drones patrolling the sky, and unmanned ships and underwater robots monitoring the water quality in the nearby river. The collected information is transmitted onto the big screen at the AI intelligent center for the island administration to manage the whole area.
This year, the area for companies in the AI industry will be expanded to provide ample space for their development.
Institutional innovation
A key factor behind Pudong’s progress is innovative policies. Since the 18th National
Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, Pudong has been a pioneer in high- level regulatory and institutional opening up.
In 2013, the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ), the first of its kind in the country, was established in Pudong, adding new momentum to the further opening up of Pudong and the entire nation.
So far, many innovative practices of the FTZ have been promoted nationwide. They include the negative list for foreign investment. Introduced in the Shanghai FTZ in 2013, it was implemented nationwide in late 2018. The number of items on the list restricted for foreign investment was reduced from 190 in 2013 to just 33 in the latest version issued in July.
After U.S. investment company J.P. Morgan obtained regulatory approval in December 2019 to set up a majority-owned securities joint venture (JV) in China, Pu Xueqian, Chairman and CEO of the JV, told the media one reason they chose Pudong was because of its well-fledged financial factor market, with banks, stock, bond, and futures companies, insurance firms and trusts.
The other reason was Pudong’s pioneering spirit of institutional innovation.
Currently, the company has around 1,000 employees. However, Pu said this is just the beginning.
The People’s Bank of China, the central bank, last year announced 11 measures for further opening up the financial sector. They included scrapping the share-holding-ratio requirement for foreign investors. This year, there were reports that Jpmorgan will increase its 51-percent stake in the joint-venture securities company to edge towards full ownership.
Following the new measures, Pudong issued a new guideline to further its opening up and the new round has attracted over 20 foreign financial projects.
In addition, Pudong is also a test field for comprehensively deepening reform.
The story of how e-commerce giant Alibaba’s fresh food chain store Freshippo, also known as Hema Xiansheng, got its first business license is a case in point.
The new business format, which incorporates supermarket, food delivery, logistics and catering, posed a problem for administrators. Then Pudong innovatively issued the company a retail plus catering business license and later added the Internet function to the license. Today, Hema Xiansheng has ventured out of
(% of Pudong’s modern industrial system)
(Over the past three decades)
‘Let Zhangbei’s wind light up Beijing.” This used to be the slogan of a renewable energy project, a major scheme to provide clean energy during the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games. Zhangbei, a county in Hebei Province in north China, is one of the four places where power stations were built to convert wind, solar and other green energies into flexible direct current.
On June 29, after three years of construction, the project, the first of its kind in the world, went into operation. Electricity generated by clean sustainable sources in Zhangbei was transmitted to Beijing, lighting up select venues in the capital.
The new grid has been built using home- grown core technologies. It can deliver 14 billion kwh of clean electricity every year, which will meet the needs of 26 Winter Olympics venues in Beijing and co-host city Zhangjiakou in Hebei. Beijing 2022 will be the first Winter Olympics to be solely powered by green energy.
Green commitment
Since Beijing won the bid five years ago to host the Winter Games, the focus has been on eco-friendly solutions not only for the planned 17 days of competitions but also to harness the green drive for national development.
In recent years, reducing carbon dioxide emissions has become an urgent requirement for all major sports competitions.
In the past, such events usually achieved carbon neutrality through forestry management, energy conservation and emission reduction. Beijing 2022 will do more.
During a UN General Assembly debate on sports for development and peace in December 2019, Zhang Jun, China’s Permanent Representative to the UN, reaffirmed the promise that green energy will be used in all Olympic venues in 2022 to strive for carbon neutrality.
“We will hold a green Olympic Games and prioritize ecological consideration, resources conservation and environmental friendliness by developing and implementing a low-carbon management work plan,” Zhang said.