Zhao Chenguang

is Assistant Research Fellow at Zhou Enlai Diplomatic Studies Center and the Center for African Studies, China Foreign Affairs University.

1 “Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton on the Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy,” The White House, December 13, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/ remarks-national-security-advisor-ambassador-john-r-bolton-trump-administrations-new-africa-strategy.

2 Joshua Meservey, “‘Prosper Africa’ Promises Long-overdue Change in U.S. Approach to Continent,” The Heritage Foundation, June 28, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/africa/commentary/prosper-africapromises-long-overdue-change-us-approach-continent.

3 “Trump’s New Africa Plan: Fewer US Troops and Aid, More Investment and Deals,” The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa, December 13, 2018, https://www.icafrica.org/en/news-events/infrastructure-news/ article/trumps-new-africa-plan-fewer-us-troops-and-aid-more-investment-and-deals-668464.

4 K. Riva Levinson, “Bolton Rolls Out Trump’s Africa Policy to Grim Reception, But I’m Reserving Judgment,” The Hill, December 18, 2018, https://thehill.com/opinion/international/421662-bolton-rolls-outtrumps-africa-policy-to-grim-reception-but-im.

5 Vivian Salama, “Trump Administration’s Policy on Africa Left to Drift,” July 19, 2017, https:// blackchristiannews.com/2017/07/trump-administrations-policy-on-africa-left-to-drift.

6 In 2014-2017, the United States’ economic and military assistance for 49 sub-saharan African countries totaled US$46.79 billion. The ten countries which received the bulk of US assistance are Kenya, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and Mozambique. See USAID, “U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations,” https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaaj725.pdf.

7 “Asia-africa Summit Vindication of Look East Policy: Minister,” Chronical, April 22, 2015, https:// www.chronicle.co.zw/asia-africa-summit-vindication-of-look-east-policy-minister.

8 Mike Pompeo, “Remarks on America’s Economic Revival,” June 18, 2018, https://www.state.gov/ secretary/remarks/2018/06/283305.htm.

9 Zhao Chenguang, “The Belt and Road Construction and China-africa Cooperation,” in Belt and Road Bluebook: Progress Report on the Belt and Road Initiative 2019, China Social Sciences Academic Press, 2019, p.169.

10 “Remarks by Vice President Pence at the 2018 APEC CEO Summit,” The White House, November 16, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-2018-apec-ceosummit-port-moresby-papua-new-guinea.

11 Cornelia Tremann, “The New US Africa Strategy is not about Africa. It’s about China,” The Lowy Institute, December 20, 2018, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/new-us-africa-strategy-notabout-africa-it-s-about-china.

12 “Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton on the Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy.”

13 Edmond J. Keller, “Africa and the United States: Meeting the Challenges of Globalization,” in Donald Rothchild and Edmond J. Keller, Africa-us Relations: Strategic Encounters, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006, p.3.

14 Michael Clough, Free at Last: U.S. Policy towards Africa and the End of the Cold War, Council on

Foreign Relations Press, 1992, p.1.

15 “A New Cold War in Africa,” Dehai News, July 2, 2019, http://www.dehai.org/dehai/dehainews/328746.

16 “G20 Summit Presents Moment of Truth for Trump’s Africa Policy,” July 7, 2017, https://www. theeastafrican.co.ke/business/g20-summit-presents-moment-of-truth-for-trump-africa-policy/25604004592-view-asamp-33kt5wz/index.html.

17 Aly Verjee, “Trump’s New Africa Strategy: The Myopia of Another Game,” The Elephant, December 27, 2018, https://www.theelephant.info/features/2018/12/27/trumps-new-africa-strategy-the-myopia-ofanother-game.

18 “Beijing Declaration-toward an Even Stronger China-africa Community with a Shared Future,” Forum on China-africa Cooperation, https://www.focac.org/eng/zywx_1/zywj/t1594324.htm.

19 Maria Danilova and Cara Anna, “Trump’s New Africa Strategy Takes Sharp Aim at China, Russia,” US News, December 13, 2018, https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2018-12-13/us-seeks-tocounter-growing-chinese-influence-in-africa.

20 Tibor P. Nagy, “Remarks on U.S. Global Leadership Coalition Dinner,” February 9, 2019, https://www. state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/2019/289425.htm.

21 Tibor P. Nagy, “Democracy, Development, and Defense: Rebalancing U.s.-africa Policy,” United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, May 16, 2019, https://www.state.gov/ democracy-development-and-defense-rebalancing-u-s-africa-policy.

22 Cara Anna, “Trump Speaks out about Africa Again, and Many Cringe,” Fox News, August 23, 2018, https://www.foxnews.com/world/trump-speaks-out-about-africa-again-and-many-cringe.

23 Since 2014, the Carter Center has set China-us cooperation in Africa as its core agenda. An institutionalized dialogue process that involves former government officials, veteran diplomats as well as experts and scholars have played a positive role in promoting China-us cooperation in Africa. See John J. Stremlau, “Trump’s Africa Strategy Should Have Cast China as a Regional Partner, Not a Global Adversary,” The Conversation, December 17, 2018, http://theconversation.com/trumps-africa-strategy-should-havecast-china-as-a-regional-partner-not-a-global-adversary-108901.

24 Aly Verjee, “Trump’s New Africa Strategy: The Myopia of Another Game.”

25 Ibid.

26 Luo Jianbo, “An Insight into the US Africa Strategy,” Study Times, January 11, 2019, p.2.

27 Michael Shurkin, “The Good and Bad of the Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy,” RAND Corporation, December 20, 2018, https://www.rand.org/blog/2018/12/the-good-and-bad-of-the-trumpadministrations-new-africa.html.

28 “President Donald J. Trump’s Africa Strategy Advances Prosperity, Security, and Stability,” The White House, December 13, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumpsafrica-strategy-advances-prosperity-security-stability.

29 Cobus van Staden, “Africa’s Year of Trump: Troubling Questions for the Continent,” SAIIA Program, January 25, 2018, https://saiia.org.za/research/africas-year-of-trump-troubling-questions-for-the-continent. 30 Cobus van Staden, “Africa’s Year of Trump: Troubling Questions for the Continent.”

31 Tibor P. Nagy, “The Enduring Partnership Between the United States and South Africa,” June 21, 2019, https://www.state.gov/the-enduring-partnership-between-the-united-states-and-south-africa.

32 It was asserted by the US government that the Act provides “strong alternatives to state-directed initiatives that come with hidden strings attached.” See “MCC Applauds President Donald J. Trump for Signing the BUILD Act into Law,” Millennium Challenge Corporation, October 5, 2018, https://www.mcc. gov/news-and-events/release/release-100518-build-act-signed-law.

33 “A New Cold War in Africa,” Dehai News.

34 “Wang Yi: Africa Is ‘Basis of Basis” in China’s Diplomacy,” People.com.cn, November 26, 2015, http://world.people.com.cn/n/2015/1126/c1002-27858432.html.