Zhang Yunling

is Member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), and Dean of the Institute of International Studies, Shandong University.

1 On September 27, 1989, Vietnam withdrew its troops from Cambodia and the Cambodian Peace Agreement was signed on October 23, 1991. China has played an important role in resolving the Cambodian issue and in building regional peace.

2 “Joint Statement of the Meeting of Heads of State/government of the Member States of ASEAN and the President of the People’s Republic of China,” ASEAN, December 16, 1997, https://asean.org/?static_ post=joint-statement-of-the-meeting-of-heads-of-stategovernment-of-the-member-states-of-asean-and-thepresident-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-16-december-1997.

3 Proposed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang at a meeting with ASEAN leaders in 2013, the “2+7” cooperation framework consists of a two-point political consensus, namely enhancing strategic trust and promoting economic cooperation, and seven cooperation fields including trade facilitation, interconnectivity and security exchanges, among others.

4 Deng Xijun, “CHINA-ASEAN Relations: Thirty Years on and Beyond,” The Jakarta Post, January 14, 2021, https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/01/14/china-asean-relations-thirty-years-on-andbeyond.html.

5 “Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, November 4, 2002, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/gjs_665170/ gjzzyhy_665174/2608_665204/2610_665208/t15311.shtml.

6 “Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,” ASEAN, https://www.asean.org/storage/ images/archive/21069.pdf; “Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia,” ASEAN, https://asean. org/treaty-amity-cooperation-southeast-asia-indonesia-24-february-1976.

7 “Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Between ASEAN and the People’s Republic of China,” ASEAN, November 4, 2002, https://asean.org/?static_post=framework-agreement-oncomprehensive-economic-co-operation-between-asean-and-the-people-s-republic-of-china-phnom-penh-4november-2002-4.

8 “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on March 23, 2021,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, March 23, 2021, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/ s2510_665401/t1863508.shtml.

9 The dual-track approach was first proposed to address the South China Sea issue, but it is also a useful perspective for the development of CHINA-ASEAN comprehensive relations.

10 Zhang Yunling, “ASEAN 50 Years: Exploration and Progress on the Way Forward,” and Politics, No.7, 2017.

11 “ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-pacific,” ASEAN, https://asean.org/storage/2019/06/asean-outlookon-the-indo-pacific_final_22062019.pdf.

12 Yogesh Joshi, “Will the Quad’s Focus on Vaccines, Rare Earths Help It Win Friends in Asean?” South China Morning Post, March 18, 2021, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3125837/willquads-focus-vaccines-rare-earths-help-it-win-friends-asean.

13 “ASEAN-CHINA Strategic Partnership Vision 2030,” ASEAN, https://asean.org/storage/2018/11/ Asean-china-strategic-partnership-vision-2030.pdf.

14 Thomas Daniel, “Us-china Tensions and the Future of ASEAN,” https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/ us-china-tensions-and-the-future-of-asean.

15 “ASEAN-CHINA Strategic Partnership Vision 2030,”

16 Lee Yinghui, “A South China Sea Code of Conduct: Is Real Progress Possible? A Closer Look at Steps toward Finalizing A long-anticipated Code of Conduct,” The Diplomat, https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/asouth-china-sea-code-of-conduct-is-real-progress-possible.