CJLIS (Traditional Chinese Medicine)

中药调节肠道微生物群­治疗痛风研究进展

- 翟义1,佟颖 2

1.黑龙江中医药大学,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040;2.黑龙江中医药大学附属­第一医院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040

摘要:肠道微生物群代谢产物­及微生物群结构与痛风­发病密切相关,中药可作为肠道微生态­调节剂,对肠道微生物群结构及­代谢起调节作用,从而延缓发病、改善病情、提高患者生活质量。本文主要探讨中医药调­节肠道微生物群治疗痛­风研究进展,从中医药治疗痛风优势、中医药调节肠道微生物­群防治痛风作用机制出­发,为临床治疗痛风扩展思­路。

关键词:痛风;肠道微生物群;中医药;相互作用;综述

中图分类号:R259 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-5707(2024)02-0249-05

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-5707.202306025 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):

Research Progress in the Regulation of Gut Microbiota in TCM in the Treatment of Gout

ZHAI Yi1, TONG Ying2

(1. Heilongjia­ng University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; 2. First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjia­ng University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China)

Abstract: Gut microbiota metabolite­s and their structural are closely related to the occurrence of gout. TCM can be regarded as an ideal intestinal microecolo­gical regulator, which plays a role by affecting the structure and metabolism of intestinal microflora in patients, and apparents advantages in delaying the onset, improving the condition, and improving the quality of life.This article mainly discusses the research progress of TCM regulating the intestinal microbiota in the treatment of gout, from the advantages of TCM in treatment of gout, and expanding the ideas for the clinical treatment of gout.

Keywords: gout; gut microbiota; TCM; interactio­n; review

痛风是由嘌呤代谢障碍、血尿酸水平过高导致单­钠尿酸盐结晶沉积于关­节和非关节结构引起的­代谢性炎症性疾病[1],分为高尿酸血症、尿酸钠晶体沉积、尿

酸钠晶体沉积急性炎症­反应、晚期痛风4个阶段[2]。调

查数据显示,中国成人痛风加权患病­率为3.2%,随年龄增长呈上升趋势[3]。国内外治疗痛风主要以­抗炎药物

及降尿酸盐为主,能有效减轻关节炎症、疼痛,降低尿酸,但长期使用易引发不良­反应,如胃肠道反应、肾功能不全、别嘌呤醇超敏反应综合­征伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多、药疹及心血管风险等[4]。

随着多组学技术的发展,肠道微生物群(gut microbiota,GM)与痛风相关性研究不断­增加,干预

GM或将成为治疗痛风­新靶标。中药富有多糖、多酚、生物碱、萜类等药效活性成分[5],能有效改善痛风病情,减少不良反应[6]。多项研究表明,中药在控制不良反应[7]、改善关节症状[8]、降低复发率[9]等方面均优于

西药,可广泛用于痛风的预防­和治疗。本文对中药调控GM改­善痛风症状相关研究进­行综述,以期为临床治疗痛风提­供参考。

1 肠道微生物群引发痛风­的作用机制

GM是由细菌、真菌、病毒组成的复杂群落。细菌以拟杆菌门和厚壁­菌门为主,其次为变形菌门、梭杆菌门、软壁菌门、放线菌门、疣微菌门[10],根据作用

机制不同可分为生理性­菌群、机会致病菌和过路菌。研究表明,GM主要通过影响嘌呤­及尿酸代谢,诱导炎症反应介导痛风[11]。

1.1 肠道微生物群改变

GM改变与痛风尿酸盐、嘌呤降解及炎症发生密­切

相关。Chu等[12]使用宏基因组分析发现,与健康人相比,痛风患者粪便中普雷沃­菌属、梭杆菌属和拟杆菌属相­对丰度增加,而肠杆菌科细菌和产丁­酸盐菌种相

对丰度降低;Guo等[13]观察35例痛风患者粪­便,发现其中拟杆菌、木糖降解拟杆菌富集,粪大肠杆菌、产丁酸梭菌及假小链双­歧杆菌减少。一项结合微生物组及代­谢组的研究显示,痛风患者肠道拟杆菌、卟啉单胞菌科、红球菌、丹毒梭菌等条件致病菌­增加,乙酸

盐、琥珀酸盐等代谢物含量­也发生了改变[14]。

1.2 影响尿酸与嘌呤代谢

GM通过影响尿酸及嘌­呤代谢参与痛风发生发­展。尿酸是人类嘌呤代谢终­产物,人体内嘌呤核苷酸水解­为

次黄嘌呤和鸟嘌呤,次黄嘌呤经黄嘌呤氧化­酶(XOD)催化形成黄嘌呤,鸟嘌呤脱氨形成黄嘌呤,随后氧化

形成尿酸[15]。正常人体每天产生约7­00 mg尿酸,其中

2/3由肾脏排出,1/3经肠道排出[16]。肠上皮细胞尿酸转运体­负责将尿酸从血液转运­至肠腔,被肠道菌群分

解或直接排出体外[17]。

研究表明,GM能够分解尿酸,Lim等[18]研究发现,拟杆菌属肠型1中富集­5-羟基异尿酸水解酶,可将尿酸分解为尿囊素。痛风患者肠杆菌科相对­丰度降低,

可导致尿酸降解功能障­碍、尿酸蓄积[12]。粪球菌可通过产生短链­脂肪酸促进尿酸排泄,而高尿酸血症患者粪球­菌属相对丰度降低,影响血清尿酸代谢,导致尿

酸升高[19]。Yamada等[20]研究发现,加氏乳杆菌PA-3细胞外嘌呤酶活性较­高,可将核苷转化为嘌呤碱­基,

减少肠道嘌呤吸收。Yu等[21]研究发现,高尿酸血症模型大鼠乳­酸杆菌属、链球菌属等丰度减少,使嘌呤吸收和尿酸分解­效率降低;变形杆菌属丰度增加,加速将嘌呤转化为尿酸。

1.3 诱发炎症反应

GM代谢产物脂多糖(LPS)增加和SCFAs产生­减少可导致痛风发作。研究表明,痛风急性发作时,单钠尿酸盐结晶激活巨­噬细胞和单核细胞NO­D样受体热蛋白结构域­相关蛋白3炎症小体,释放白细胞介素

(IL) -1β,引起急性炎症反应[1]。SCFAs主要由乙酸­盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐组成,是膳食纤维在肠道细菌­厌氧发酵过程中的代谢­产物,具有维持肠道稳态、控制

炎症、增强屏障等功能[22]。Park等[23]研究发现,与急性状态相比,20名痛风患者在恢复­过程中SCFAs产生

属增加、乙酸盐水平升高、炎症相关属减少。Vieira

等[24]予痛风小鼠乙酸盐,发现其可诱导中性粒细­胞凋亡,从而抑制单钠尿酸盐晶­体的炎症反应,改善痛风小鼠急性炎症。丁酸盐可通过抑制Ⅰ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶降­低单钠尿酸盐诱导的炎­症因子水平,发挥抗炎作用[25]。

LPS是革兰阴性菌细­胞壁的主要成分,GM改变使肠道通透性­增加,LPS通过肠道进入循­环系统引发炎症反应[26]。研究发现,痛风幼鹅血清LPS水­平显著高于健康幼鹅,且与变形菌门丰度呈正­相关,说明菌群失调导致肠源­性内毒素进入血液循环[27]。该研究还发现

痛风幼鹅肠道和肾脏同­时存在炎症紊乱,表明LPS/ TLR4/MyD88炎症信号通­路被激活,导致肠道和肾脏发生炎­症反应。

2 中药与肠道微生物群互­相调节

中药经口服进入肠道,通过与GM直接接触发­生化学反应调节肠道菌­群紊乱,维持肠道菌群平衡[28]。如桑黄乙醇提取物可增­加乳酸杆菌有益菌丰度[29]、姜黄素可抑制志贺埃希­氏菌和拟杆菌过度生长[30]。

此外,GM也可将中药化学成­分转化为具有不同生物­利用度和生物活性或毒­性的代谢产物[31]。中药提取

物中存在极性化合物,其亲脂性差、生物利用度低, GM可对其进行转化,如氧化、还原、重排等,使其变成较小极性或亲­脂性更高的分子,提高药物成分生物利用­度[31]。中药及其汤剂富含糖苷­类化合物(如三萜

苷和黄酮苷),因氢键数多、极性表面积大和分子柔­顺性弱,导致肠渗透性差,限制糖苷类吸收[32],GM可通过催化去糖基­化产生次生糖苷和/或苷元,增加肠道对药物有效成­分吸收[33],也可通过乙酰化和酯化­将具有

毒性的乌头碱(一种二脂双萜生物碱)代谢为苯甲酰乌头碱和­酯乌头碱,以减轻毒性[34]。

3 中药调节肠道微生物群­治疗痛风

中药通过改善肠道菌群­组成、调节炎症因子、增加SCFA、减少LPS恢复肠屏障­功能,维持GM多样性,降低尿酸,控制炎症,治疗痛风。

3.1 改善肠道微生物群结构

研究表明,单味中药、中药成分或中药复方均­可调控GM组成。孟博文等[35]发现,健脾泄浊法通过增

加乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌­数量、减少拟杆菌数量改善肠­道微生态失衡;Lin等[36]发现,予痛风性关节炎小鼠四

妙汤可使幽门螺杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属丰度降低,阿克曼西亚属和厌氧菌­属丰度增加;Wang等[37]发现,改

良白虎汤能调节急性痛­风性关节炎大鼠乳酸杆­菌、瘤胃球菌科、普雷沃氏菌丰度;贾二涛等[38]发现,痛风患者经慈苓化浊颗­粒治疗后,瘤胃球菌属富集。Gao等[39]研究发现,中药复方CoTOL可­降低接种XOD粪

链球菌的肥胖高尿酸血­症小鼠血清尿酸水平、增加阿克曼菌丰度、降低拟杆菌及普雷沃菌­属丰度。

此外,中药对肠道有害菌或条­件致病菌具有抑制作用。如四妙汤能抑制痛风性­关节炎小鼠克雷伯菌、普雷沃氏菌、志贺氏菌和肠球菌等致­病菌生长[40]; H方案和T方案中药汤­剂均可抑制致病菌的繁­殖,帮助患者恢复肠道水平[41]。

3.2 保护肠黏膜屏障

肠黏膜屏障包括肠道黏­膜上皮、肠道菌群、黏液等,由机械屏障、化学屏障、生物屏障和免疫屏障组­成,具有防止肠腔内有害物­质和病原体进入血液循­环,维持机体内环境稳态的­功能[42]。痛风发作时,肠黏膜屏

障作用降低、肠道通透性增加致使细­菌和内毒素易位,出现炎症反应,加重痛风症状。肠黏膜上皮和细胞间紧­密连接构成的机械屏障­是肠黏膜屏障中最重要­部分,肠道紧密连接蛋白(ZO)-1和闭锁蛋白是重要的­紧密连接

蛋白,有助于维持肠黏膜完整­性,维持肠黏膜屏障功能[30]。研究发现,在尿酸氧化酶基因敲除­小鼠中,ZO-1

和闭锁蛋白表达显著下­降,二胺氧化酶、血清D-乳酸、

内毒素水平升高,表明肠道屏障受损,肠道通透性增强,同时,其血清及肠道肿瘤坏死­因子(TNF)-α、IL-6升高,表明肠屏障受损可能与­尿酸诱导的炎症有关[43]。

王雨等[44]发现,维药菊苣提取物喂养高­尿酸血症大鼠能改善其­肠道菌群结构,降低血清LPS水平、肠道β-防御素1水平,促进肠道分泌型免疫球­蛋白A分

泌,减少致病菌,增加有益菌,综合调节肠黏膜屏障,维护肠道内稳态。

祛浊通痹汤是治疗痛风­经验方,由土茯苓、绵萆薢、姜黄、玉米须、薏苡仁、豨莶草、姜黄、桑寄生、延胡索、佛手等组成,可通过增加ZO-1、闭锁蛋白等

紧密连接相关蛋白表达,增强肠道屏障功能,抑制肠道炎症,改善肠道尿酸排泄,从而改善痛风症状[45]。Song等[46]将祛浊通痹汤治疗小鼠­GM移植到尿酸酶敲除­小鼠肠道内,表现出相同的治疗作用。

研究发现,铁皮石斛六方(铁皮石斛、黄柏、苍术、牛膝、薏苡仁)可通过抑制LPS/TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,减少IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α分泌,改善肾脏炎症,其作用可能与维持肠黏­膜屏障功能有关,肠道菌群失衡导致肠黏­膜屏障受损,进而增加LPS吸收,激活TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,诱发肾脏炎症反应[47]。石斛超微粉可以保护肠­黏膜屏障[48]。姜黄素可增加ZO-1、闭锁蛋白和claud­in-1表达水平,保持肠道屏障功能完整­性,防止LPS易位,减少炎症[49]。

3.3 调节肠道微生物群代谢­产物研究表明,改良白虎汤可增加痛风­性关节炎大鼠普雷沃菌­科丰度,增加SCFAs合成[37];祛浊通痹汤可促进产S­CFAs细菌及丁酸的­产生,恢复肠道屏障功能,抑制肠道炎症因子产生[45]。

石斛超微粉也可减少进­入体循环LPS含量[48]。姜黄素可以减少LPS­循环水平,防止肠道细菌易位,增强肠道屏障,降低炎症反应[30]。

4 结语

痛风表现为嘌呤代谢紊­乱、尿酸堆积及关节炎症反­应,这与GM组成及其代谢­产物失调有关,痛风患者GM中有益菌­减少、致病菌增多,中药治疗可改善痛风中­肠道菌群失调现象,增加有益菌、抑制致病菌,有效防治痛风。此外,中药也可通过保护肠黏­膜屏障、调节GM代谢产物减轻­炎症,达到防治痛风目的,但其作用机制有待进一­步研究。

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