赣闽粤边客家围屋类型体系和源流关系探析*
Discussion on the Type Hierarchy, Origin and Development of Hakka Enclosed Buildings in the Border Regions of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong
开放科学（资源服务）
标识码（OSID）
[本文引用格式]卓晓岚，肖大威，陶金.赣闽粤边客家围屋类型体系和源流关系探析 [J]. 南方建筑，2022（12）：64-71.
ZHUO Xiaolan, XIAO Dawei, TAO Jin. Discussion on the Type Hierarchy, Origin and Development of Hakka Enclosed Buildings in the Border Regions of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong[J]. South Architecture, 2022(12): 64-71.
摘要 在对赣闽粤边客家核心地区民居类型进行全域调查和整合归纳的基础上，定位客家围屋在客家民居类型体系中的层级关系及其原型基础，归纳客家围屋的共性特征和类型分化，并分析不同围屋类型在赣闽粤边客家地区的地理空间分布规律；通过对围屋分布地区历史社会环境的梳理，剖析围屋产生的动力机制是边区历史动乱环境中的防御需求与客家民系家族发展历程中的聚居需求的加合；进一步地，通过分析各类围屋与客家基础民居类型的关系，以及梳理围屋分布区中赣粤交界带和闽粤交界带两个区带中的围屋形态源流，推论客家围屋类型分异的基本逻辑是源自各地基础民居类型的差异，在沿用当地底层民居文化的基础上通过增强防御性发展而来；而“闽粤交界带”中的圆形围楼应是在方形围楼基础上的一种形态突变，其线索可能追溯到沿海的海防元素，而其存留并蓬勃发展则有赖于这种形态与闽西南山区条件和社会需求的强适应性。
关键词 客家围屋；类型体系；形态分异；地理空间分布；源流
*基金项目 国家自然科学基金资助项目（51878283）：边界之角色：传统村落空间形态分异与演化的区域理论和模型；广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目（2021B1515020013）：传统村落与民居活态化保护利用研究；国家自然科学基金面上项目（51778232）：基于文化地理学的赣闽粤地区客家传统村落及其民居演变理论研究。
中图分类号 TU241.5 文献标志码 A
DOI 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2022.12.008
文章编号 1000-0232（2022）12-0064-08
作者简介 1博士后，助理研究员；2教授；通信作者，电子邮箱： ardwxiao@scut.edu.cn；3 教授；1&2&3华南理工大学建筑学院、亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室
ABSTRACT This study examines the hierarchical relationship and prototype foundation of Hakka-enclosed buildings in the Hakka dwelling type system based on a review and integration of Hakka dwellings on the border of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong involving plane composition logic. The typical characteristics of Hakka-enclosed buildings are summarized. Considering the uniform classification standards, five subtypes of Hakka enclosed buildingsare identified, according to main differences in plane structural characteristics: the circular type, row type, hall type, rounddragon type and special-shaped type. The geographical spatial distribution laws of the above five types in the study area are also statistically analyzed. Hakka-enclosed buildingsare predominantly concentratedsouth of the study area, especially in the critical border between Jiangxi and Guangdong in the Nanling area. However, no distribution of Hakka-enclosed buildings was identified in the Xingmei Plain, east of Guangdong, resulting in clusters in both the east and west. The Hakka-enclosed buildings in the "JiangxiGuangdong border zone" in the west are fundamentally square, including hall type, row type, round-dragon type, special-shaped and a small number of circular types. Mostare built with bricks and stones, or "goldwrapped silver"brick-soil (cement) mixed materials. Ethnic folks are relatively prominent in the spreading distribution. The circular type with square and round shapes dominates in the "Fujian-Guangdong border zone" in the east. These buildings were constructed with rammed raw soils, and their distributions are mainly determined by geographical factors rather than limited toethnic factors.
A review of the historical and social environments in distribution areas of Hakka-enclosed buildings concludes that Hakka-enclosed buildings are formed as a result of collaborative defence needs during historically turbulent environments in the border areas andthe evolving settlement needs of Hakka families. The origin and development of Hakka-enclosed building types in the "Jiangxi-Guangdong border zone" and "Fujian-Guangdong border zone" are summarized by analyzing the correlations between different types of enclosed buildings and Hakka basic dwelling types. The fundamental classification logic of Hakka enclosed buildings isattributed to regional differences in basic dwelling types. There areno essential spreading and origin-development relations between these two border zones, with Hakkaenclosed buildings observing hierarchical logics of dwelling-type systems. They developto strengthen the defence performances based on the local dwelling culturesatthe grass-roots. The round shape of enclosed buildings in the "Fujian-Guangdong border zone" is a morphological mutation based on the square structure, which may be traced back to coastal defence elements. The preservation and prosperous development of round-shaped enclosed buildings depend on their strong adaptation to terrain conditions and social needs within the southwest mountain areas of Fujian.
Overall, the diversified morphologies of Hakka-enclosed buildings demonstrate that enclosed buildings' prominent surface defensive characteristics can be attributed to unique historical environments. An internal spatial structural basis guides the inherent dwelling culture in the region. Adaptation to regional geographical and social environments within a certain period based on dwelling shapes is the fundamental motivation to preserve and develop enclosed buildings as a particular dwelling type.
KEY WORDS Hakka-enclosed buildings; type hierarchy; morphological differentiation; geographic spatial distribution; origin and development
引言
客家围屋是华南民居类型中一种典型的具有民系识别性的特殊民居类型，以迥异于普通民居的高大体量和显著的防御性著称。但“围屋”无论在历史文本或是现代学术研究语境中，多是一种未被严格界定的泛指，有的学者用以指代赣州南部的“土围子”，有的则用以指称广东的围龙屋乃至福建的土楼。既有研究多着重于赣闽粤三地各自最具代表性的赣南围屋、永定土楼、梅州围龙屋、河源四角楼等，历来也有过一些关于这些典型类型之间孰先孰后的源流争议——例如对于围龙屋和闽西土楼之间的源流演变关系就有截然相反的观点[1，2]，或认为围龙屋和其他围屋都源于赣南围屋[3]。但由于客家民居中这些典型类型的构建源自早期客家内部各个地区的独立研究，难以放在一个具备参照意义的统一体系中进行关联对比研究[4]。客家围屋是客家民居中的典型，但其形成不是一蹴而就，客家地区也还分布着大量围屋以外的基础民居类型。要论证围屋的形成和演变，不能忽视围屋与其他基础民居类型之间的关系，需要以民系整体视角下的民居类型全面归纳为基础，才能更好地梳理客家民系中各类围屋之间的源流关系。因此，本研究将赣闽粤三省交界处的客家核心聚居
1）区整体纳入考察，具体范围涉及赣闽粤三省七市40个县（图1）。在研究范围内通过卫星图像识别、无人设备拍摄、文献数据提取、实地考证等多种方式和途径进行数据采集，并以乡镇为单元记录所有能够考察到的民居现象，再通过 GIS地理信息系统进行图示，以便于更直观地从地理空间分布规律上来探索民居文化的发展规律。
1赣闽粤边客家围屋类型体系
1.1客家围屋的原型和结构特征
研究前期在对赣闽粤边客家地区进行全域大数据调查的基础上，归纳了客家民居的类型体系，将客家民居类型归纳为递进的四大层级：基本型M1、组合型M2、复合型M3、特型M4（图 2）[5]。其中的顶层 M4特型民居是在M3复合型民居（以堂横屋为典型）的基础上，在满足家族聚居的同时、具有高层和围闭等显著防御性特征的建筑类型，统称“围屋”，包括但不限于各地俗称的赣南围屋或土围子、河源四角楼、闽西的土楼等。将这些类型归为同一大类且位于客家民系民居类型发展体系的最高层级，基于以下逻辑：
（1）它们都保持了客家典型的家族聚居建筑“堂横屋” （M3-0）的结构原型，即“居祀一体”，并以围合单元对主体的围拥形成“线-点”向心围合结构 [6]；
（2）它们都在M3型的基础上，通过“围闭”、“增高”等变化，获得明显的防御性特征，成为特殊的防御性民居 [7]。
“围闭”是指在M3型的基础上，通过在前后增加面向主体堂屋的围合单元（“包厝”），并与两侧横屋相连，从而形成对中路堂屋的四面包围和整体的封闭性。而“增高”则主要是增加外围部分的层数，一方面通过竖向拓展增加居住空间，另一方面也加强了对外的防御性。除了形态上的变化之外，围屋型民居常常在建筑中融合设置专门的防御设施。综上，通过围闭、增高和专设防御设施这三个动作，获得了建筑功能上的质变，形成了客家民居体系中的特型——“围屋”，共同具有防御性和聚居性两大共性特征。
1.2客家围屋的类型分化
为了将所有客家围屋放在同一个系统中进行比照，本文不直接沿用各地区出于不同识别标准的惯用俗称如“土楼”、“四角楼”等。基于围屋共同存在外部围合的共性特征，本研究依照围屋中的主体空间结构特征的分异进行归纳，将围屋分为以下几种子类型：环型围屋、