What is the ‘Taylor Swift effect’ and how is it changing the way Brazil copes with heatwaves?
Brazilian climatologist Núbia Beray Armond had been sounding the alarm about Rio de Janeiro's need for an extreme heat plan including water distribution for years.
Interest was tepid until a disastrous Taylor Swift concert - and now Beray Armond's phone won't stop ringing.
A stifling heat wave blanketed southeast Brazil the day of Swift's concert last November, just before the start of summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Tens of thousands of ' Swifties' lined up for hours under a sweltering sun, some huddling beneath umbrellas. Once inside, a group of parched fans managed to get Swift's attention; she paused her performance to ask staff to provide them with water.
Not everyone was so lucky. Ana Clara Benevides, 23, suffered heat exposure that caused cardiorespiratory arrest during the concert, and she died.
What is the 'Taylor Swift effect'?
Her death sparked outrage. Many accused organisers of failing to deliver sufficient water for concertgoers. Brazil's justice minister said the death was unacceptable, and his ministry issued a regulation obliging organisers of big events during heat waves to guarantee water for attendees.
Others were galvanised to enshrine water access into law, a sign Brazilian authorities have begun considering it a public health issue in an ever-hotter world.
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Rio is in the vanguard. Of the almost 100 bills now working their way through municipal, state and federal legislatures, about a third are in Rio state, including the capital. That is according to an analysis by the consulting firm Governmental Radar, which dubbed it "the Taylor Swift effect." Many of the bills are named after Benevides.
Beyond a shadow of a doubt, Benevides' death was a turning point in the issue of water distribution for Rio's public administration. Núbia Beray Armond Coordinator of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro's GeoClima laboratory and researcher at Indiana University Bloomington
Niteroi, a city in Rio's metropolitan region, was the first to pass a municipal ordinance guaranteeing water at large events.
"Beyond a shadow of a doubt, Benevides' death was a turning point in the issue of water distribution for Rio's public administration," said Beray Armond, coordinator of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro's GeoClima laboratory and researcher at Indiana University Bloomington.
Brazil's summers are getting hotter
Brazil's summer has been particularly oppressive. Nine heat waves swept across the country in 2023, and three since January, according to the government's meteorology institute.
The heat index - what the temperature feels like to the human body when humidity is combined with air temperature - hit a record 59.3 degrees Celsius the day of Swift's concert. That record has been broken four times since, most recently during the March 11-18 heat wave, when the heat index reached 62.3 degrees Celsius on Sunday.
In Rio, people sought relief at beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema. Thousands of colourful parasols fluttered in the sea breeze, and people dipped into the waves. But some, like 43-yearold Eduardo Alves de Castro, found it hard to relax.
It's worrisome because we wonder how far these high temperatures are heading. The concern is that there's no end to it. Eduardo Alves de Castro
"It's worrisome because we wonder how far these high temperatures are heading. The concern is that there's no end to it. We are in a very privileged place: Here in front of the beach, you cool off, but there are people in a much less favourable situation, and who are much more affected," Castro said.
During heat waves, those unable to afford power bills from round-the-clock air conditioning often cool down with multiple showers a day, which deplete a shared tank or run up water bills.
Many people in favelas - urban, working-class neighbourhoods - didn't pay for water until three private companies assumed concessions in 2021 and began installing water meters. The largest of them, Waters of Rio, said in an email it has provided water to an additional 300,000 people since taking over.
Daiane Nunes, who lives in Rio's Rocinha favela, regularly treks uphill to a natural water source in the forest. She and her fellow residents fill bottles in a small flow of water there.
"The water that comes from our pipes is impossible to drink because it contains a lot of chlorine. Apart from buying water, this is our only chance of getting natural water," said Nunes, 33.
Water shortages are worse as temperatures rise
Water shortages for poor, nonwhite populations are a worldwide phenomenon growing increasingly severe as global temperatures rise.
Brazilian states and municipalities need to develop plans for water distribution, determine the costs and adopt the best means of management, said Luana Pretto, executive president of the Treat Brazil Institute, a think tank that advocates for basic sanitation and protection of water resources.
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In Rio, ahead of World Water Day on Friday, people crowded into a hotel's conference room in the city centre to share their stories of trouble accessing water.
Water is intermittent in Jardim Gramacho, a neighbourhood beside what until 2012 was Latin America's biggest landfill. That was distressing to Fatima Monteiro, a community health agent who suffers from high blood pressure, which puts her at greater risk of blackouts and fainting during heat waves. She dug herself a makeshift well.
"I had to. I didn't know how to live with the lack of water," said Monteiro, who attended the conference. Aware that the runoff from the landfill had caused water pollution, she said that to be safe, she uses the well water only for cooking and washing.
Water shortcomings are 'condemning' people to illness or death
Days after Benevides' death, City Hall announced 150 designated areas within health posts where people suffering from dehydration could receive saline solution to mitigate the impacts of heat waves.
During Carnival festivities in February, the Waters of Rio concessionaire distributed water at the Sambadrome, where dancers in heavy costumes parade alongside gigantic floats. The company handed out water to parade-goers congregating before they entered the avenue, and after the parade following an hour of sweaty exertion.
But even as authorities attempt to grapple with the problem, there have been shortcomings.
Soccer fans complained they were barred from entering Maracana stadium with water bottles ahead of the game last Sunday - the same day the heat index hit 62.3 degrees Celsius.
Brazil's justice ministry asked for clarification from Maracana's administrators, citing obligations of the regulation issued in the wake of Swift's November show.
Rio also moved to install free water dispensers. But as summer winds down, just one has been established so far, in the wealthy Ipanema neighbourhood - and even it is proving less effective than desired.
An Associated Press reporter visited the dispenser in the sweltering heat Wednesday and helped children struggling to use it, which requires scanning a QR code and filling out an online form. A man without a cell phone couldn't get water.
While Beray Armond welcomed Rio's nascent attempts to provide water, she is waiting to see if the recently proposed bills are actually enacted into law.
"If you don't have legislation that forces public or private entities to distribute water, you're basically condemning your population to illness or death," Beray Armond said.
"We still need to improve, but it's better than before, when we had nothing."