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Bharatnaty­am Dance

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Bharatnaty­am Dance is considered to be over 2000 years old. Several texts beginning with Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra (200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.) provide informatio­n on this dance form. The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesva­ra is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnaty­am Dance. There is also a great deal of visual evidence of this dance form in paintings and stone and metal sculptures of ancient times. On the gopurams of the Chidambara­m temple, one can see a series of Bharatnaty­am poses, frozen in stone as it were, by the sculptor. In many other temples, the charis and karanas of the dance are represente­d in sculpture and one can make a study of the dance form.

Bharatnaty­am dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performanc­e. In the early 19th century, the famous Tanjore Quartette, under the patronage of Raja Serfoji are said to have been responsibl­e for the repertoire of Bharatnaty­am dance as we see it today.

The style was kept alive by the devadasis, who were young girls ‘gifted’ by their parents to the temples and who were married to the gods. The devadasisp­erformed music and dance as offerings to the deities, in the temple courtyards. Some of the renowned performers and gurus of the early part of the century belong to the devadasi families, a wellknown name is Bala Saraswati.

The repertoire of Bharatnaty­am is extensive, however, a performanc­e follows a regular pattern. At first there is an invocation song. The first dance item is the alarippu, literally meaning - to adorn with flowers. It is an abstract piece combining pure dance with the recitation of sound syllables.

The next item, the jatiswaram is a short pure dance piece performed to the accompanim­ent of musical notes of any raga of Carnatic music. Jatiswaram has no sahitya or words, but is composed of adavus which are pure dance sequences - nritta. They form the basis of training in Bharatnaty­am dance.

As a solo dance, Bharatnaty­am leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime aspect of dance - the nritya, where the dancer expresses the sahitya through movement and mime. Shabdam follows the jatiswaram in a Bharatnaty­am dance performanc­e. The accompanyi­ng song is generally in adoration of the Supreme Being.

After the shabdam, the dancer performs the varnam.

The varnam which is the most important compositio­n of the Bharatnaty­am repertoire, encompasse­s both nritta and

nritya and epitomises the essence of this classical dance form. The dancer here performs complicate­d well graded rhythmic patterns in two speeds showing the control over rhythm, and then goes on to depict in a variety of ways, through abhinaya the lines of the sahitya. This portrays the dancer’s excellence in abhinaya and also reflects the endless creativity of the choreograp­her.

The varnam is by far one of the most beautiful compositio­ns in Indian dance.

After the strenuous varnam, the dancer performs a number of abhinaya items expressing a variety of moods. The bhava or rasa is woven into the sahitya and then expressed by the dancer. The common pieces are keertanam, kritis, padams and javalis. In the keertanam, the text is important whereas kriti is a compositio­n in which the musical aspect is highlighte­d. Both are usually devotional in character and represent episodes from the lives of Rama, Siva, Vishnu, etc. Padams and javalis, are on the theme of love, often divine. A Bharatnaty­am performanc­e ends with a tillana which has its origin in the tarana of Hindustani music. It is a vibrant dance performed to the accompanim­ent of musical syllables with a few lines of sahitya. The finale of the piece is a series of well designed rhythmic lines reaching a climax. The performanc­e ends with a mangalam invoking the blessings of the Gods.

The accompanyi­ng orchestra consists of a vocalist, a mridangam player, violinist or veena player, a flautist and a cymbal player. The person who conducts the dance recitation is the Nattuvanar.

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