BLOOD AND WATER CANNOT FLOW TOGETHER: PM ON INDUS WATER TREATY
Responding to the public mood, the Narendra Modi government on Monday continued to walk the tightrope in its attempt to keep up the pressure on Pakistan but stopped short of indulging in war hysteria. In New Delhi, the Prime Minister chaired a review meeting of the 56-year-old India-Pakistan Indus Water Treaty. “Blood and water cannot flow together,” Modi, according to sources who were present in the meeting, said. Meanwhile, in New York, in her succinct 18-minute speech at the UN General Assembly, External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj lashed out at Pakistan for exporting terror to India, including the recent Uri attack in which 18 Indian soldiers were killed. Swaraj said Pakistan was probably under the illusion that it would achieve its objective of snatching Indian territory by engineering such attacks.
As in all other matters in the subcontinent, this is a marriage involving three countries— China, India and Pakistan. The Indus and the Sutlej have their origins in China. Also involved in water sharing are the Ravi, Beas and Chenab. In the case of the Indus, India is the upper riparian and Pakistan is the lower riparian. And, the relationship is impacted by the twin challenges of global climate change and environmental changes, along with industrial progress.
What are the current issues? What is the worst case scenario? What does the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) involve?
Signed in 1960 after 10 years of negotiation, IWT has stood the test of political tensions better than everything else India and Pakistan have negotiated.
Who is involved?
I WT allows consumptive domestic usage as well as other kinds of usage. This means India can use whatever water it needs—for drinking, for electricity, etc—but needs to give there st to Pakistan. Because of climate change, there is less water to share. What the two countries need to do is address issues relating to climate change and environment. But, problems of water have more to do with perception than reality. To avoid flash points, there has to be transparency in water sharing data; and joint projects will ma xi mi se hydro power. As Ind us andSutlej have their origin in China, Beijing’ s involvement will have to be sought. Frankly, what is happening now is the politic is at ion of water to settle other scores. According to Utt am Sin ha of the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, India, as the upper riparian, could have chosen not to sign the treaty and fully used the waters of the Indus river system flowing through its territory, but India had its own compulsions. The topography of J&K does not lend itself to easily building hydel projects.
The I WT was a partitioning treaty. It had a dispute resolution mechanism as reflected through the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC). So far, there have been 113 to 114 site visits under the PIC. For two states that don't see eye to eye on several issues, this is not bad going because it means India has decided íf it aint broke, don’t fix it. But, India needs to develop hyde l-power plants for its own power needs. In 2005, Pakistan took Bag li ha rf or arbitration. Problems started after that. In 2008, water was a big issue in Pakistan.
In 2009-10, Lashk ar chief Hafi zS aeed’ s speeches were about water flows or blood. In 2009, in an article, As if Ali Z ar dari wrote in the Washington Post by way of advice to President Barack Obama, “The water crisis in Pakistan is directly linked to relations with India. Resolution could prevent an environmental catastrophe in South Asia, but failure to do so could fuel the fires of discontent that lead to extremism and terrorism. We applaud the president’s desire to engage our nation and India to defuse the tensions between us.” While congratulating O ba ma, Z ar dari was actually plea ding with him to get the US tore-hyphenate Pakistan with India. The fact is, lower riparian needs to handle the problem so that the upper riparian does not turn off water altogether. In that sense, I WT is a visionary treaty with Article 12 that talks of modification and Article 7 that talks about future cooperation. The controversial issue is of hy del projects. Hydel projects is a dilemma for India as Kashmiri aspirations have to be factored in. Kashmir feels India was too generous with water and wants reparations for losses. So, it is not easy for India to say: ‘We won't build dams on Jhelum and Chenab,’ given the shortage of power in Kashmir. Both countries will need new knowledge regimes, they will have to study the mountains more carefully. Climate change needs more careful study. Water-sharing is a non-issue but can become thorny one if it is not guarded against mis perception. The worst thing possible is playing politics with it. Now, with Prime Minister Modi having been briefed about the issues on hand, Pakistan could come under pressure.