EDIT: Atmanirbhar in defence
Dual goals can lead to compromise
As promised in the recently released draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy and draft Defence Acquisition Procedure, the defence ministry has issued a list of weapons platforms and defence equipment that will be embargoed for import, with yearwise timelines, from now to 2024. This is intended to provide domestic defence firms the confidence to develop import-embargoed defence equipment, using their own technology or capability sourced from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), with the assurance that the military will not eventually import those.
True, the military is acquiring most of the equipment that features on the import-embargoed list indigenously. Self-propelled artillery guns are being built by Larsen & Toubro, while the DRDO is developing towed artillery guns and multi-barrelled rocket launchers in partnership with private companies. The vast majority of the navy’s warships and submarines are being built in Indian shipyards, while Hindustan Aeronautics builds the Sukhoi-30mki and Tejas fighter in India and upgrades the Jaguar, Hawk and Mirage 2000 aircraft. Similarly, the Ordnance Factory Board builds India’s entire requirement of tanks at its T-90 and Arjun line in Avadi, and infantry combat vehicles at its Medak factory. With India’s automobile industry capable of supplying world-class ground transport vehicles to the military, there is little import in that category.
While the new list serves a purpose in formalising these existing arrangements, there should be greater emphasis on indigenising the high import content in platforms that are built in India under transfer of technology, many of which have more than 50 per cent of their content imported from the original equipment manufacturer abroad. It is misleading for the defence ministry to take credit for bifurcating the defence capital procurement budget and reserving ~52,000 crore this year for domestic procurement, when over 50 per cent of that flows out to foreign sub-vendors who provide the systems and subsystems that go into the “indigenous platforms”.
The defence ministry must also ensure that the import of urgently needed weapons and equipment is not held back just because an indigenous solution has been promised by the DRDO or private industry. There are numerous cases of the military having to do without essential kit — fighter and trainer aircraft; tanks; warship sonar and torpedoes; air defence weaponry; infantry personal protective gear and small arms; to name a few — because domestic development agencies have been unable to deliver within their promised deadlines.
There is an inherent conflict in pursuing the dual goals of equipping the military with the best weapons in a short time frame, while also pursuing selfreliance and import substitution; one goal or the other is likely to be compromised. One case is the towed array sonar for naval ships; it is the same story with some missiles. When delivery is delayed, the navy has ships without proper sonar; infantry troops without proper carbines, etc. Import ban means import substitution takes precedence over ensuring timely weapons delivery, leading to delays and sub-standard weapons because they must be made locally.
Therefore, for implementing an import embargo, it is crucial for the defence ministry to put in place technology development structures to ensure equipment delivery in the planned time frame; and also the oversight organisation that will provide an early warning of delays and development failures, enabling a timely shift to import of equipment so that the military does not find itself facing a void in combat capability.