Zero-zero, net zero
There was furious activity on climate change in the first weeks of April in Delhi. No, I am not talking about action to fight climate change. I am talking about words and more words — much has been written about the position that India must take or not take when it comes to declaring a net-zero goal. Much has been discussed in closed-door meetings on this. John Kerry, the US climate envoy, was in town in the lead up to President Joe Biden’s climate leaders’ summit on April 22-23. He wanted to cajole and push us to act — say something big when the leaders meet.
The good news is that climate change is back on the agenda. The bad news is that we are discussing the wrong things; we are in danger of once again losing the opportunity to drive home the need for ambition and equity in climate change action. Just consider the narrative in Delhi. It was not about the need to take stock of what has been done or not done to meet the Paris commitments — the voluntary targets countries have taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in this decade; it was not about how minuscule, completely off track and inequitable the Paris targets are. It was not about the emission pathways countries are choosing to make drastic reductions as needed to avoid the climate change catastrophe. It was not about anything that matters.
Instead, the entire discourse was distracted by the completely meaningless discussion on net-zero. The question was: Should and could India follow its net-zero date?
Why do I say this is meaningless? First, let’s be clear that there is no substance in the net-zero target that countries have declared. It is but an aspirational idea — something that they will work towards. Practically all the countries that have made the grandstanding declaration have no plans on how they will get to net-zero by 2050, or, in the case of China, by 2060. So, it means nothing. It’s about the idea of getting there and the hope that some so-called disruptive technologies will get scaled up and be ready for delivery when the date comes.
Secondly, net-zero as an idea itself is flawed. It means that countries will emit more; but they will mop up these emissions to say “net-net”. How will they soak up the emissions? Two methods: One, plant trees that will sequester carbon dioxide that we will continue to emit and, two, take the carbon dioxide and pump it back into the ground — carbon capture and storage technologies. But there are still many unanswered questions about this approach; there are huge challenges in estimating the “tree-soak” and there are issues to sort with the set of technologies, fancifully called negative emission.
So, it’s a scam — at least today — to talk about these as the real options. You can argue that these so-called disruptive technologies will come and so we should not be rejecting this idea today. I would say yes, but our dependence on these still experimental technologies to save us will distract attention from what can and must be done today. That needs to be our conversation. Not net-zero.
Thirdly, net-zero is intrinsically inequitable. It was the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that had said global net humancaused emissions of carbon dioxide would need to fall by 45 per cent from the 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net-zero by 2050. Given the fact that there is a huge and completely disproportionate difference in the emissions of the old-developed world and now newly developed China and the rest of the world, it would be logical to say that if the world needs to be net-zero by 2050, then these countries needed to have already turned net-zero or do so by 2030. No later. Then it would provide space for countries like India — way below in historical emissions and current emissions — to declare a netzero goal by 2050. In today’s scenario, what could or should India do? Declare a net-zero goal by 2070? Twenty years after the US and Europe and 10 years after China. What does it even mean?
So, it is good that Mr Biden did not fall into the trap of net-zero targets. At the Summit he announced targets for his country — 50-52 per cent reduction below its 2005 emission levels in 2030. This is a game-changer, because the target is drastic and will take the country a massive rework of its economy to achieve this. US greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were higher than that at the end of 2016 and it is only because of the horrific Covid-19 pandemic year that emissions came down by 10 per cent in 2020. But with normalcy returning to the economy, emissions will be on the up-swing. So, it will be tough, no doubt, but for once, the US stand on its emission reduction is ambitious and to an extent even fair.
The US 2030 target will put pressure on the rest of the world — including India — to act. Let’s then continue to discuss how we need to engage with the world on what is clearly an existential threat of climate change.