Wrap your mind around climate crisis
The science is clear. If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at the same rate we have been doing for the past decades, 80 years from now, our planet will be at least four degrees warmer than pre-industrial levels. “And the warming won’t stop there,” climate researcher and oceanographer Stefan Rahmstorf said. “It will continue to rise to seven or eight degrees over the next 100 years. Human civilisation won’t survive that.”
Normally, we respond to danger quickly; we put out fires, run away when we feel at risk, and protect our children in every way we can. So why are people so slow to react to the existential threat of global warming?
“In evolutionary terms, we are not built for this kind of danger,” explains Andreas Ernst, Professor of Environmental Systems Analysis and Environmental Psychology at the University of Kassel. “We react to a rustling in the bushes with lightning speed. But the threat posed by climate change is abstract.” The earth’s warming is not immediate, but gradual, and without a direct or immediate impact on our everyday actions, Ernst says the complex correlations are hard for us to grasp.
Figures remain incomprehensible
Although the findings of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports are unambiguous, many laypeople, as well as politicians, find their details hard to understand. This can impact the implementation of recommendations. Such, at least, is the conclusion reached by an international team of researchers who analysed the IPCC reports. Many struggle to picture a ton of the greenhouse gas CO2. Such figures “don’t really reach the human psyche,” Ernst said.
Yet dealing with CO2 is essential in the climate crisis, because the more greenhouse gases there are in the air, the faster the earth warms up. CO2 is mainly produced by the burning of oil, coal and natural gas. In order to limit global warming to a maximum of two degrees, CO2 emissions need to be reduced as quickly as possible, and neutralized no later than 2050. In order to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees, however, the world would have to become climate-neutral even sooner. Christoph Nikendei, psychotraumatology expert at University Hospital in the southern German city of Heidelberg says it’s important to use easy-to-understand figures, and to address the emotional brain so that climate change can become a real and tangible part of life.
To stay with that example: One ton of CO2 is produced, for example, by burning 422 litres of gasoline, which would allow a car to travel an average of 5,400 km. Conversely, plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. This enables them to grow. A beech tree, for example, takes in around 12.5 kg of CO2 per year. That means a single ton of CO2 corresponds to the annual growth of 80 beech trees. If we compare the CO2 emitted and absorbed, we can calculate how many trees are needed to compensate for a certain distance travelled by car, and which means of transport “consumes” the least amount of tree growth.
For example, 20 beech trees would have to grow for one year to offset a 1,000 kilometre journey with a combustion engine. For 1,000 kilometres of air travel, it would take 33 beech trees per person. The same distance travelled by train would equate to the growth of just one beech tree.
Another obstacle to tackling the crisis is repression, which is a very common psychological protection mechanism. “People don’t want to hear how bad things are, so they push it away. Smokers also do this when confronted with the consequences of their behavior,” Ernst said, adding that many who don’t want to deal with the climate issue, look away and leave it for others to solve.