Govt unveils reforms to boost Covid-hit economy
RELIEF From agriculture to MSMES to mining to defence, the reforms, which experts have called radical, span several sectors A look at the economic reforms announced so far
nNEW DELHI: In 1991, former PM Manmohan Singh, forced by a crushing balance-of-payments problem, liberalized the Indian economy. Nearly three decades later, the Narendra Modi government has seized the Covid-19 crisis to “unshackle” critical sectors, promising ample privatization of new sectors along with deeper reforms for long-term goals not entirely related to the Covid-19 catastrophe, economists have said.
From agriculture to small industry to mining to defence production, the reforms span several sectors. Experts have termed some of them, radical.
The government has however sidestepped some equally critical short-term needs, like income support for lockdown-induced joblessness, analysts say.
On May 12, Modi announced a ~20-lakh crore economic package, equivalent to 10% of India’s gross domestic product or GDP. He branded it the ‘Atma Nirbhar Bharat’ scheme.
The specifics of it are being announced by finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman in a series of briefings. Her last announcements are scheduled for May 17.
“All of these reforms are also to attract foreign investment due to changing global realities. That’s the rubric,” said S. Mahendra Dev, vice-chancellor of the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. Dev formerly headed a federal body that fixes farm minimum support prices.
On Saturday, Sitharaman, devoted her third round of announcements to what she termed as “major reforms”.
“The announcements have nothing to do with a ~20-lakhcrore stimulus. These are structural changes. They are aimed to give the economy new breathing space,” NR Bhanumurthy of the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, a leading state-run think-tank said.
These reforms may have been necessitated as much by global factors, Dev said.
Global firms are reducing their dependence on China, shifting supply chains.
“It is true that last few years have been bad for globalization,” said DK Joshi, the chief economist of Crisil Ltd, a ratings firm. The Us-china trade war has rewired some supply lines. Countries are unsure to what extent they can depend on others in a post-pandemic world.
Bhanumurthy said short-term goals are critical too.
“People have lost incomes. They need support. Such issues can make the economy so weak it may not be able to absorb the measures.”
The government pushed key reforms in the “factor markets”, which roughly denote five economic determinants: land, labour, capital, technology and infrastructure.
Before Covid-19 struck on January 30, growth was already tumbling. GDP grew just 4.71% in the October-december 2019 period, the slowest pace in six years. “So, it is true that factor-market
Portability of social security: One Nation, One Ration Card; ensures benefits move with migrants, creating constant food security coverage
FDI in defence: To be raised to 74% from 49% currently, will spur the military infrastructure segment, can make India a defence components output hub
Coal: End of monopoly of Coal India Limited, allowing free private extraction on revenue-sharing basis. This will not be not a wholesale deregulation but revenue will be shared, i.e. a PPP mode. More coal output, less imports, more mining privatization
Composite Mining: Mining firms can now do all of these simultaneously: explore, process and produce finished useable minerals. Will end fragmentation of mining industry, improve revenues, enlarge availability of raw materials
Private farm markets: Private farm markets: Farmers can sell to any buyer, ends monopolies of agricultural produce market committees, will lessen ‘price spread’ in agri produce. The move will axe middlemen so farmers get more share in profits
Land: The biggest hurdle in creating industrial base; 500,000 hectare of industrial-use land to be mapped onto an industrial land information system, so that available land for factories can be located, allotted faster
Airspace opening: 60% airspace limit available for civil aviation to be hiked, will spur aviation sector, badly hit by lockdown; reduce oil import bill, shorten flying routes Essentialcommodities Act: FM proposed changes but did not provide details; can free up trade; To be sure, very difficult to implement because ECA is a key tool to fight food inflation. Has been promised in the past.
reforms were required,” Bhanumurthy said.
The reforms also cover sectors that can have multiplier effects on investments, Dev said. Multiplier effects refer to a rippling impact of economic decisions across sectors or society.
In her first round, Sitharaman dealtwithmsmes,whichemploy the largest number of skilled workforce outside agriculture in India. She hiked the turnover limits of such that they will remain
MSMES even if they grew in size.
The Covid crisis has given the government political legroom to display its reforms appetite, says KK Kailash, who teaches at Hyderabad University.
A key social-sector reform is the digitized ration distribution system branded “One Nation, One Ration Card”.
“...because of Covid and other reasons, countries are thinking of self-sufficiency and India seems to have taken the cue,” Dev said.