Vajpayee

“it was Vajpayee’s exemplary leadership that set the foundations for a strong, prosperous and inclusive India in the 21st century. His futuristic policies across various sectors touched the lives of each and every citizen of India.”

Modi said Vajpayee’s death was a “personal and irreplaceable loss” for him.

“I have countless fond memories with him. He was an inspiration to Karyakartas (functionaries) like me,” he said.

“I will particularly remember his sharp intellect and outstanding wit.”

Gandhi said in a Twitter post: “Today India lost a great son. Former PM, Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji, was loved and respected by millions. My condolences to his family & all his admirers. We will miss him.”

“Atalji will be remembered as the pioneer of the first ever stable non-Congress coalition government at the Centre and I had the privilege of working as his deputy for six years. As my senior, he always encouraged and guided me in every possible manner,” said LK Advani, who said he would miss his closest friend for over 65 years immensely.

Vajpayee’s singular contribution to Indian politics was making a party like the Jan Sangh and then the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which had misgivings about India’s liberal and secular constitutional project, more mainstream, while forcing the existing political mainstream, represented by those who had misgivings about the BJP , to give space and respect to his party through his sheer force of personality and the electoral successes it scored. It was this balancing act that made Vajpayee a unique figure in the annals of Indian political history, but also often led to questions about his own political identity.

Born in Gwalior in 1924, Vajpayee was politically socialised in the pre-independence era and joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). He eventually joined the Jana Sangh, when RSS seconded a set of pracharaks and swayamsevaks to the then-new party in 1951. Vajpayee worked as a close aide to the Jana Sangh founder, Shyama Prasad Mookherjee (Mookerjee?), who died early, aged 52.

The Jan Sangh was then led by Deen Dayal Upadhyaya, who provided it both the larger ideological orientation as well as led the organisational effort of the party. But the star of the party’s rather tiny parliamentary wing was Vajpayee, who first entered the Lok Sabha in 1957 and quickly made a name for himself as a fiery debater, earning the praise of then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

Vajpayee’s transition to the organisational leadership position took place after Upadhyay’s assassination; he became the Jana Sangh president in 1968. It was a time of great tumult in Indian politics. The Congress had lost power across North Indian states. Socialists and the Jana Sangh had come together to form the government in many of these states, but the coalitions did not last.

Indira Gandhi returned to power with a bigger majority in 1971; the subsequent Bangladesh victory made her appear even more invincible, although the jury is still out on whether Vajpayee called her ‘Durga’ in recognition of the win, as urban legend has it.

Within a few years, Gandhi had to declare Emergency rule. Vajpayee, along with the rest of the opposition leaders, were arrested. The emergency ironically energised the opposition. Congress dissidents, socialists,and the Jana Sangh eventually merged to form the Janata Party and dislodged the Congress in 1977.

Twenty years after becoming an MP, Vajpayee now became India’s external affairs minister in the Morarji Desai cabinet, and displayed a surprising flair for diplomacy.

But despite being a member of the first non-Congress cabinet, he retained respect for Nehru. In a parliamentary debate two decades later, Vajpayee was to recall that he once saw Nehru’s portrait removed from the ministry-- and immediately got it put back on. (Quote from debate)

The coalition collapsed soon after . The other components of the Janata Party insisted that the former Jana Sangh members either remain with the party or with the RSS, a section chose to walk away. Vajpayee was among those, in a clear illustration of his abiding commitment to the Sangh. He formed the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980, with ‘Gandhian socialism’ as one of the precepts, which was seen as a departure from the orientation of the Jana Sangh.

Vajpayee’s biggest electoral setback came in 1984. Soon after Gandhi’s assassination, a sympathy wave swept through India. In a last minute surprise nomination, Congress leader and member of the Gwalior royal dynasty, Madhav Rao Scindia ,filed his nomination papers against Vajpayee. Vajpayee’s loss was symbolic of the larger setback for the new party, which only had two MPs in the house.

But this was temporary.

The BJP slowly shifted track and under Advani, who took over the party, became closely associated with the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. The party did well in the 1989 elections and became one supporting pillar of the V P Singhled National Front government. This eventually led to a faultline surfacing between supporters of Mandal -- the report of a commission headed by BP Mandal who backed reservations for other backward classes in government jobs and educational institutions -- and Mandir, those who invested their passion in the Ram temple movement. This was Advani’s moment as he led a Yatra (road journey) for the cause.

Vajpayee was relevant, but not the central decision-maker in the party at this stage. The demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 by HIndutvas made him deeply uncomfortable.

But while the BJP under Advani was becoming organisationally robust, its most popular and acceptable face remained Vajpayee. He was projected as the party’s PM face in the 1996 elections. The rub was this -- Vajpayee had come so close to power because BJP had grown. BJP had grown because of aggressive Hindu cultural and nationalist politics, from which Vajpayee had stayed away from to some extent. And it was this distance that then enabled Vajpayee to become more acceptable to a wide range of non-core voters of the party.

Thus began the final stage of Vajpayee’s political career.

The BJP emerged as the single largest party. Vajpayee was sworn in as PM, but the party’s “communalism,” which political rivals accused it of, prevented it from getting the numbers . He resigned in 13 days.

But in 1998, after mid-term polls, Vajpayee was back -- and this time, he was able to prove his majority. Vajpayee’s second term in office was marked by three significant events-- the nuclear tests of May 1998, the Lahore visit in early 1999, and the Kargil war in the summer of 1999. Both helped project him as a leader committed to national security, though there were a range of critics on all three issues.

In April 1999, his government lost a no confidence vote in the Lok Sabha by a single vote after the withdrawal from the coalition of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, whose leader J Jayalaithaa was upset because the government had refused to dismiss the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam government in Tamil Nadu. This Vajpayee government lasted 13 months.

In the 1999 elections, Vajpayee mobilised support from a range of parties and the National Democratic Alliance stayed until the end of its term.

In his third term, Vajpayee came to be identified with ambitious infrastructure projects, particularly the Golden Quadrilateral highway initiative. It was also a reformist government which had an ambitious disinvestment agenda.

Vajpayee also remained personally invested in foreign policy. He began a process of rapprochement with Pakistan with the Agra summit in 2001 that collapsed; had to face a terrorist attack on Parliament; mobilised forces at the border and came close to a war.

Eventually, Pakistan was forced to accept the existence of terrorism and categorically commit to stop supporting it. But he also dealt with bigger powers, laying the foundations of a deep strategic partnership with the US and striking a deal with China wherein Beijing accepted Sikkim as a part of India while India reiterated that Tibet was a part of China.

The PM had one difficult moment -- in 2002, when the Gujarat riots took place. He encouraged the then chief minister Narendra Modi to follow his ‘rajdharma’, and was inclined to remove him, but did not do so based on the mood of the party and his senior colleague Advani.

But Vajpayee’s political gamble of calling elections early backfired in 2004. The ‘India Shining’ plank did not resonate with voters. The NDA had shrunk, with key partners switching sides. And Congress eventually ended up becoming the single largest party -- and forming a United Progressive Alliance government with the support of the communists.

The Vajpayee era ended with the defeat in 2004. He stayed on as a parliamentarian, but it was never the same. Age and health had caught up with the man

HE ALSO DEALT WITH BIGGER POWERS, LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A DEEP STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP WITH THE US AND STRIKING A DEAL WITH CHINA ON SIKKIM AND TIBET