Lacking feasibility?
The potential adverse effects of interlinking of rivers and diversions from Western Ghats are not to be overlooked; write GV Hegde & KC Subhash Chandra
The Union Ministry of Jal Shakti (water resources), under the ‘National Perspective Plan’, had called for proposals to transfer water from watersurplus basins to water-deficit basins.
Accordingly, the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) had identified 30 links in the country that included 16 peninsular rivers. There were two sensitive proposals among the six Karnataka proposals. These were the Bedti-Dharma-Varada and Aghanashini-Varada River links.
These proposals are about the diversion of water from west-flowing rivers located in the highly ecologically sensitive Western Ghats zone of Yellapur, Sirsi and Siddapur taluks of Uttara Kannada district to Varada, a tributary of the Tungabhadra in the eastern plains.
The structurally controlled Bedti and Aghanashini River drainage systems, known to contain rare species of flora and fauna, drain into the Arabian Sea.
They flow through narrow gorges, valleys with rapids, cascades and deep waterfalls in the evergreen dense, forest-clad mountainous picturesque zone of the Western Ghats.
The climatological, geographical, geomorphological, geological and geohydrological set up of the terrain is unique. The Aghanashini basin has not been tampered with till now.
The Western Ghats zone influences the monsoon pattern by intercepting the rainladen southwest monsoon winds. The dense forests contribute to the precipitation by releasing much of the moisture back into air as transpiration.
The forest hydrology of the area has a unique role in the hydrological cycle. Interference in the forest management practices alters evapo-transpiration, soil infiltration capacity, runoff, base-flow, etc.
The pre-feasibility report of the ‘Bedti-Varada link proposal’, was submitted by NWDA in August 2021.
It envisaged the diversion of 242 million cubic metre (mcm) from the Bedti Basin to the water-scarce Tungabhadra subbasin to irrigate 60,200 hectares (ha) in the Tungabhadra Project command Area of Raichur district.
The headworks proposed are to construct two weirs across Pattanada Halla and Shalmala Halla and interlinking systems between these two reservoirs.
About 1,005 ha of area in Uttara Kannada district would be submerged if this proposal is implemented. Some 787 ha of the 1,005 ha is forest land, 130 ha is cultivable land and 88 ha is under non-agricultural use. There is also a village with a population of 967.
The draft detailed project report (DPR) of the BedtiDharma-Varada link and the drawings submitted by NWDA to the Government of Karnataka in February 2022, cover parts of the Bedti-Conservation Reserve and Shalmala Riparian Conservation Reserve.
These are in the Western Ghats, which is eco-sensitive and a biodiversity hotspot.
It is ironic that the draft DPR talks about conducting topographical surveys, geological and geotechnical investigations, bore hole drilling on the weir / barrage sites, seismo-tectonic studies, etc, after getting approval.
Wrecking the environment If the project is implemented: • The livelihood of the people in the downstream areas will be adversely impacted and the flora and fauna at the estuary will be affected.
• Forest loss shall impair the hydrological cycle, monsoon pattern and climatological conditions in the donor as well in the recipient basins.
• There will be threats to endangered species.
• When the free annual flow of water in the river system is prevented, there will be on-land transgression of marine water in the coastal zone. This will cause impairment of the interface between fresh and marine water, resulting in an acute shortage of drinking water.
• Changes in land use will aggravate natural hazards like landslides, lead to loss of forest wealth, disturb wildlife and human life. • The additional storage of 524 mcm of water, to be diverted from the proposed project into the heavily silted Tungabhadra reservoir, does not sound technically possible.
• It will aggravate further the problem of water logging and soil salinity in the area already under irrigation from the Tungabhadra Project.
• The surface and groundwater resources of the donor basin will be severely affected (both) for irrigation and even drinking needs during lean season. The Government of Karnataka, through a gazette notification dated May 22, 2012 had notified the Bedti Conservation Reserve and Shalmala Riparian Ecosystem Conservation Reserve under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 and WildLife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The Shalmala Riparian Ecosystem Conservation Reserve consists of riparian forest of 100 metres width on either side of the Shalmala River.
The Supreme Court recently directed that a one km wide area be maintained as an ‘eco-sensitive zone’ (ESZ) from the boundary of protected forests. The top court also directed that no new permanent structure shall be permitted for whatsoever purpose within the ESZ.
There has been strong opposition by the local people against the implementation of the proposed Bedti-DharmaVarada and Pattanada HallaShalmala Halla link projects. Also, the local Gram and Taluk Panchayats have passed a resolution against the project implementation.
The adverse effects that will be caused by the interlinking of rivers and diversions from the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats terrain, are not to be overlooked.
Providing an additional volume of 524 MCM of water by diverting it from the westflowing rivers into the left bank canal command area of the Tungabhadra Project does not make any sense.
This is because the brackish groundwater there has attained the critical depth of less than 1.5 m from the surface and acute soil salinity has developed, due to extensive irrigation facilities already provided.
Measures to deplete the water table need to be taken in such areas and waterlogging should never be allowed. Otherwise, there will be additional conversion of fertile and potential agricultural land into perpetually non-productive, water-logged, saline insipid barren land.
Advocates of interlinking of rivers should have a clear perception of such damages that may be caused to a very agricultural economy. Hence, the diversion of the west-flowing river water to the east is uncalled for.
There is a total lack of information provided in the DPR about geological, geophysical and geo-tectonic features related to the conditions of the terrain, the magnitude of catastrophic damages to the environment, ecology, forest wealth, climate, aquatic lives, etc.
The DPR under such a condition has to be virtually negated and rejected. After all, man cannot go against nature.
When the free annual flow of water in the river system is prevented, there will be on-land transgression of marine water in the coastal zone — eventually causing an acute shortage of drinking water
Views expressed are personal