A CUP OF COFFEE
may reduce dementia risk
People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood.
Your daily cup of tea or coffee may help keep dementia at bay, says scientists who have identified 24 compounds – including caffeine – that boost an enzyme known to reduce the risk of the brain disorder.
Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Memory loss is an example. Alzheimer's is the most common type of dementia.
While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia:
■ Memory ■ Communication and language ■ Ability to focus and pay attention ■ Reasoning and judgment ■ Visual perception
People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood.
Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate with each other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and feelings can be affected.
Researchers from Indiana University in the US screened over 1,280 compounds of which a total of 24 compounds were identified as having potential to increase the production of NMNAT2 an enzyme in the brain.
An earlier study had found that NMNAT2, plays two roles in the brain – a protective function to guard neurons from stress and a "chaperone function" to combat misfolded proteins called tau, which accumulate in the brain as "plaques" due to ageing.
Misfolded proteins have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, researchers said.
"This work could help advance efforts to develop drugs that increase levels of this enzyme in the brain, creating a chemical 'blockade' against the debilitating effects of neurodegenerative disorders," said Hui-chen Lu from Indianna University.
One of the substances shown to increase production of the enzyme was caffeine, which has also been shown to improve memory function in mice genetically modified to produce high levels of misfolded tau proteins. The study found that mice altered to produce misfolded tau also produced lower levels of NMNAT2. Researchers administered caffeine to mice modified to produce lower levels of NMNAT2. As a result, the mice began to produce the same levels of the enzyme as normal mice. Another compound found to strongly boost NMNAT2 production in the brain was rolipram, an "orphaned drug" whose development as an antidepressant was discontinued in the mid-1990s. Other compounds shown to increase the production of NMNAT2 in the brain were ziprasidone, cantharidin, wortmannin and retinoic acid, researchers said. Researchers also identified an additional 13 compounds having the potential to lower the production of NMNAT2. "Increasing our knowledge about the pathways in the brain that appear to naturally cause the decline of this necessary protein is equally as important as identifying compounds that could play a role in future treatment of these debilitating mental disorders," Lu said. The study was published in the journal Scientific Reports.