...but is the clock ticking on daylight saving?
William Willett was a man ahead of his time...
THEY say time waits for no man, and that’s true – unless your name happens to be William Willett. It was because of Willett that I and my wife found ourselves sitting in an empty cinema staring at a blank screen one Sunday afternoon, wondering when the film was going to start. And it was because of Willett that I was once far too early for an appointment I had rushed to attend.
I don’t think I’m the only person to have experienced frustrating episodes in my life due to Willett; there are millions of people around the world who have probably had similar experiences.
Without him, there would be no handy little memory aids like ‘spring forward and fall back’... or should that be ‘spring back and fall forward…’? You see, a little over a hundred years ago, it was Willett who came up with idea of daylight saving time. It’s fair to say therefore that William Willett has certainly made his mark on the world.
However, it is Benjamin Franklin that we must blame/credit for the debate which unfolded about the nature of time. In 1784, Franklin wrote to a Paris newspaper suggesting that rising earlier was a good way to save money on the purchase of candles.
The concept of daylight saving, however, was first seriously suggested by New Zealander George Hudson, whose shift-work job led him to appreciate after-hours daylight. In 1895, he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a twohour daylight-saving shift, and followed that up with another paper in 1898.
WILLIAM Willett, meanwhile, who came from Surrey, in England, was a builder of quality homes who became somewhat obsessed with daylight. He took up the subject in 1907 when he published a pamphlet, The Waste Of Daylight, in which he praised the lightness of day: ‘Light is one of the greatest gifts of the Creator to man. While daylight surrounds us, cheerfulness reigns, anxieties press less heavily, and courage is bred for the struggle of life.’
Willett’s points were hard to disagree with. His initial suggestion about daylight saving involved reducing the length of four consecutive Sundays in April by 20 minutes each, thereby moving the clocks forward by 80 minutes for the summer months, so that workers could have extra light to enjoy the summer evenings. The idea would also help the economy, he argued, by saving the British Exchequer £2.5million a year due to the need to consume less fuel to provide less artificial light.
The notion of subtracting or adding minutes to our lives is radical and shows an expansive mind, unrestricted by social convention. Willett deserves great credit for thinking outside the box – and the fabric of time for that matter – but it would be years before his plan would come to fruition.
But let’s not think his was a lone voice in the time debate. The idea to save daylight was being picked up elsewhere, and on July 1, 1908, the town of Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) in the Canadian province of Ontario, took the bull by the horns – or the clock by the hands – and turned their timepieces forward one hour to start the world’s first introduction of daylight saving time.
Other parts of Canada soon followed, with Regina in Saskatchewan taking up DST in April 1914, and the cities of Winnipeg and Brandon in Manitoba, doing so in April 1916. Willett, meanwhile, on this side of the world, had an avid supporter of his cause in British politician Robert Pearce, who, in 1908, introduced a Daylight Savings Bill to the House of Commons.
It passed its first and second readings but failed to get through other legislative stages. (This Bill would float around in several guises until it was finally passed in May of 1916.)
By March 1914, however, Willett was advocating a single jump in summer time of one hour as opposed to four tranches of 20 minutes over a month. He claimed to have support from many MPs in the House of Commons. Even Winston Churchill extolled the virtues of daylight saving, claiming that it would benefit the ‘physical, mental, moral and financial welfare’ of citizens.
There was opposition to the idea, however. The argument being that, for millennia, mankind used the sun to tell the time, and if it was good enough for early civilisations, then it was good enough for today. There was a sense that people’s basic daily routine was inextricably linked to the sun and to somehow interfere with that wouldn’t bode well.
However, the outbreak of World War I gave the debate fresh legs as it was felt that any measure that would save the Exchequer money during the costly war should be adopted. Germany is credited with being the first entire country to introduce Daylight Saving in 1916, and Britain followed suit in May of that year. Unfortunately, Willett died the year before his idea came to fruition. He was 58.
The initial burst of enthusiasm for DST was short-lived, with Germany and Austria soon growing weary of the practice. Paris kept with the time change but other parts of France dropped the idea, while Britain and Ireland would continue to move their clocks back and forward.
It’s now 101 years since Willett’s idea was voted into existence and it is still being used, albeit with a few changes of heart in between, as it fell out of fashion down through the years.
IT was the oil crisis of 1973 that reinvigorated interest in the notion of time change. When Opec – the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries – imposed an oil embargo, energy prices shot through the roof, leading to recession across Europe. France was the first mainland European country to revive DST in 1976, and by the end of that decade, most of the continent was again changing clocks twice a year.
Remarkably, it was only as recently as 1996 that the EU standardised the schedule for daylight saving time – moving clocks forward an hour on the last Sunday of March, and turning them back again on the last Sunday of October.
Daylight saving time gives us the opportunity to enjoy sunny summer evenings and to make a little more of the dark days of winter time, but, boy, it sure is irritating when you forget to turn that clock forward or back.
I can see the benefits all right in Arctic regions, but in this neck of the global woods, I could certainly live without the change. It’s hardly surprising that less than 40% of the world’s countries use the system.
I’m still sore, of course, about sitting in that cinema an hour early on the day the clocks went back. Spring forward, fall back... spring back, fall forward... I’m sorry, life’s complicated enough without adding William Willett’s magic hour into the mix, no matter how well-intended.