How Saudi Arabia plans to shake up its economy
National Transformation Plan: Privatization, cuts in subsides, end to deficit meant to wean country from dependence on oil
RIYADH/DUBAI (Reuters) – In late February, several hundred Saudi officials, company executives and foreign consultants gathered in a luxury Riyadh hotel to discuss how the country’s economy can survive an era of cheap oil.
Officials from about 30 Saudi government bodies manned booths in which they described their challenges, one company manager at the event told Reuters. Corporate bosses were encouraged to “figure out ways to do partnerships to address those needs, to offer feedback, to complain, and to plan future ventures or even just future meetings,” the manager said. “It was like a private sector version of a national parliament.”
The workshop was part of Saudi government attempts to work out how to restructure the economy so it no longer relies on oil.
The National Transformation Plan, as Riyadh has dubbed the changes, is expected to be unveiled in the next few weeks. Much is still secret. Ministries have refused to discuss plans in detail and Western consultancies contacted by Reuters declined to confirm their involvement, let alone policy details.
Officials, consultants and executives, though, say the five-year program is both ambitious and risky. It includes asset sales, tax increases, spending cuts, changes to the way the state manages its financial reserves, an efficiency drive, and a much bigger role for the private sector.
Such changes have been talked about for years but never put into action. One reason to think this time could be different is that policy-making has in the past year shifted away from conservative bodies such as the Finance Ministry and central bank. Power is now concentrated in a 22-member Council of Economic and Development Affairs, formed after King Salman took the throne in January 2015.
The council is chaired by his son, Deputy Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman, who is about 30. In his role as defense minister, Muhammad launched Saudi Arabia’s military intervention in Yemen in March 2015. Now, he wants to shake up economic policy.
“Since the foundation of the kingdom there has been no government-led program that innovates in this way,” said Muhammad al-Afif, a veteran banker who runs Cash Solutions, a boutique financial services firm.
Consultants and WhatsApp
People familiar with the National Transformation Plan said it was born late last year in discussions between Prince Muhammad and a few other top officials. At the time, oil was sinking below $30 a barrel, about half the low point that had been expected. That saddled the kingdom with an annual budget deficit near $100 billion and strengthened the case for radical change.
While the prince is the ultimate decider, he has chosen Economy and Planning Minister Adel al-Fakieh, a former food industry executive and mayor of Jeddah, to help with the detail. As labor minister between 2010 and 2015, Fakieh overcame opposition from business to policies that pushed companies to hire more Saudis. People involved in the NTP say Fakieh, 57, uses WhatsApp on his mobile phone obsessively, conducting chats with dozens of groups until the small hours.
Riyadh is spending tens of millions of dollars on foreign consultants for the NTP. London-based Source Global Research estimated in March that total Saudi spending on consultancies – mostly by the government or state-linked bodies – grew more than 10 percent in 2015, from $1.06b. in 2014.
Consultants and ministry officials, many of them young Saudis with Western degrees, work at the Khozama office building in Riyadh, thrashing out policy in as many as 40 groups known as “delivery labs.” The plans are heavy on jargon-labeled targets requiring ministries to hit rigid budget and reform goals, according to documents seen by Reuters.
Models
One model is neighboring United Arab Emirates, which began radical reforms by cutting gasoline subsidies last year, people familiar with the Saudi plan said.
Another model is Malaysia, which in 2010 moved to diversify beyond commodity exports and attract more foreign investment. Consultancy McKinsey & Co. played a major role in the Malaysian plan and is at the center of the Saudi effort.
The NTP echoes Malaysia’s program in three ways. It puts a single body in charge of implementation to force better cooperation between ministries. It seeks feedback from the private sector early, even during planning. And it aims to boost the private sector’s share of investment, something Saudi planners consider vital as oil revenues sag.
Riyadh wants private firms to develop tourism facilities on some of its islands, plans to create “free zones” with minimal red tape near airports, and even wants private investment in some schools.
Infrastructure such as roads and port facilities will be constructed under build-operate-transfer contracts, in which private firms finance the projects and then operate them to recoup their investments. “The government will take no risk anymore, it will only provide opportunities,” said a Saudi economist who attended a recent workshop.
The NTP will also speed up Saudi Arabia’s long-running but slowpaced privatization program. Up to 5% of national oil giant Saudi Aramco will be sold to the public, Prince Muhammad says, possibly raising tens of billions of dollars. Also on the block: chunks of other companies in up to 18 sectors, including healthcare, mining and transport.
Management of the country’s financial reserves will become more aggressive, according to officials and consultants. The central bank, which acts as the kingdom’s sovereign wealth fund, holds $584b. of foreign assets, mostly in conservative investments such as bank deposits and US Treasuries. In the future, privatization proceeds will be invested in corporate assets around the world, generating income and obtaining access to technology and expertise.
Saudi officials have been visiting the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority – which has more than $700b. invested in developed and emerging market equities, fixed income, private equity, real estate and infrastructure – to see how it works, sources said.
Prince Muhammad told Bloomberg last month that one fund, the Public Investment Fund, would be expanded to control more than $2 trillion eventually. The fund is now believed to have about $100b. of assets.
Deadline
Top officials are reviewing proposals which all the ministries involved were required to submit by March 31, two sources said.
“Everyone is waiting for the NTP announcement for a clue about how things will operate going forward,” said a Western diplomat who monitors the economy.
There are many skeptics. Some say the NTP is too late. Local capital markets are too small to absorb a privatization program so attracting foreign money will be vital. But investors are wary of Saudi Arabia’s prospects given the low oil price.
Eliminating the budget deficit by 2020 will require an additional $100b. in spending cuts and tax increases – equivalent to about 16% of gross domestic product. That could stifle growth and deter the investment the NTP seeks.
Some plans are headline-grabbing but may involve little real change. For example, the Public Investment Fund will take over assets such as Saudi Aramco but won’t be able to reinvest that wealth unless it sells big pieces of the firm, which would be tough for financial and political reasons.
And then there’s the mixed fortunes of some of the models Saudi Arabia has looked at. “Most of the economic transformation programs in various countries didn’t succeed or diverged immensely from the original plans,” said prominent Saudi economist Ihsan Bu Hulaiga.
Malaysia, for instance, has increased the private sector’s share of investment modestly, to 64% in 2014 from 52% in 2009. But the country’s currency has plunged along with commodity prices, something Riyadh wants to avoid.
Many question the role of highly paid consultants. “You have people in their 30s with laptops helping to determine the direction of the country,” said one foreign consultant. “The potential for change has certainly gone up, but so has the risk.”
Some Saudis think an economic shake-up could lead to the kind of social changes many foreign business executives believe are needed to modernize the country’s economy: allowing women to drive, for instance, or opening up the legal system.
The planning itself suggests some openness to change. Senior officials, normally given to opulent robes, regularly come to workshops in simple clothes, say some attendees. And unusually, female consultants are working closely with men.