Capital markets union the key to greening Europe
JEAN MONNET, an architect of the European Union, once said that European unity “will be forged in crises, and will be the sum of the solutions adopted for those crises”.
The past decade and a half has provided further confirmation of Monnet’s prediction. Contrary to forecasts by many eminent economists, the EU Economic and Monetary Union survived the euro debt crisis and is still going strong, thanks to the European Stability Mechanism. The Juncker Plan helped put the European economy back on track, and Brexit, far from breaking the EU apart, drew it closer together.
The EU is again proving its worth in the COVID-19 pandemic. BioNTech’s outstanding researchers developed a leading vaccine in record time, and joint purchases made it possible to distribute vaccines fairly and effectively – despite some initial difficulties – ensuring relatively high vaccination rates in many EU member states. The recovery plan and the European Guarantee Fund are now helping economically weaker states and regions to cope with the consequences of the pandemic.
Since 2000, the EU has repeatedly demonstrated its capacity to deliver solutions and show solidarity. But the never-ending search for quick fixes to acute crises has a major downside: the completion of the European single market has fallen to the bottom of the political agenda. Such EU-level issues played no role in this year’s German election campaign, even though a strengthening of the single market is crucial for confronting increased economic competition from the United States and China.
Europe simply is not realising its potential. The EU already has a single market for goods but not a fully functioning one for services, particularly in the otherwise booming digital economy. If a Silicon Valley start-up develops a good product, it has immediate access to a huge domestic market and can grow to the point where it can hold its own globally. But in Europe, that same start-up would have to spend its early years dealing with so many foreign tax lawyers and national regulators that international expansion would hardly seem worth it.
Europe also lacks a capital markets union and a true banking union; and because there are significant regulatory differences between EU countries, European shareholders and corporate bond investors shy away from offerings beyond their own borders, potentially forgoing more attractive investment opportunities. This highlights the need to complete the banking union, which includes common banking supervision, a banking settlement mechanism, and a shared deposit guarantee.
European governments also must overcome their scepticism about securitisation, which is a key element of the capital markets union. It is true that bundled loans triggered the 2008 financial crisis; but that is only because nobody was keeping a watchful eye on them.
With better regulation and monitoring, securitisation can be a powerful tool for banks to unlock additional capital for new business loans and to finance investments in green technologies.
The European Commission has done well to draw up an ambitious strategy for a green, digital transformation of the EU economy, sending an important signal to the rest of the world. But the absence of a competitive capital market jeopardises Europeans’ ambitious climate targets. Massive investments are needed this decade to transform energy, transportation, large swathes of industry, and millions of properties, as well as to protect the people of Europe from the devastating effects of climate change, which were on full display these past two summers.
These objectives will be possible only if governments work together with public- and private-sector banks to bring private investors on board across borders. Europe needs to bridge a climate action funding gap of €350 billion (US$401 billion) per year over at least the next 10 years. We may have become used to governments and central banks providing vast sums of money to support the economy, but this will not last forever. Interest rates will not stay so low in the long term, sovereign debt will reach its limits, and higher taxes will not be enough to finance this once-in-a-century transformation.
But the EU already has the tool it needs to close the gap: it just needs to create a true capital markets and banking union. We can see what is achievable through common rules if we look to sustainable financing. With the issue of the first green bond, the European Investment Bank, EIB, provided an important impetus to the market for green bonds and sustainability bonds. This has resulted in a uniform market understanding of what constitutes a green or sustainable bond.
Moreover, with the EU taxonomy, there are now transparent criteria for determining which economic activities are already green or can develop in that direction. Investors have a clear set of rules at hand to use as a guide for sustainable financing. This transparency at the EU level represents a huge step forward, turning a once-derided idea into a €2-trillion market.
With a genuine capital markets union, the EU would expand financing opportunities for companies and attract capital from around the world, and the euro could become truly competitive with the dollar. Currently, European businesses rely too heavily on loans, with privatesector banks like Deutsche Bank providing 80 per cent of corporate financing. Although banks will make a vital contribution to the private sector’s green and digital transformation, they cannot bear the massive financing requirements alone.
Whereas 60 per cent of US companies secure financing from the capital market, only 20 per cent of companies in the EU do. If
Investors have a clear set of rules at hand to use as a guide for sustainable financing ... turning a once-derided idea into a €2-trillion market
more European companies could do this, vast sums for investment would be freed up. European start-ups would not have to look for US investors during their growth phase. And European trailblazers like BioNTech – which received start-up financing from the EIB – would not need to turn to the Nasdaq when their financing needs enter the range of hundreds of millions of dollars.
If Monnet’s belief about the EU holds true, the climate crisis will be the next step towards deeper integration. The European green and digital transformation can succeed only if it goes hand in hand with the completion of the single market, including a capital markets and banking union.