Pardons are loaded gun
NEW YORK — Joe Arpaio, the former sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona, who was convicted of contempt of court for defying a federal judge’s order to stop racially profiling and arbitrarily detaining Latinos in the name of catching illegal immigrants, is no stranger to controversy. But it is U.S. President Donald Trump’s recent pardon of Arpaio that currently is spurring heated debate, as it raises fundamental questions about the presidential pardon power that has been a part of U.S. policymaking from the country’s birth.
In a monarchy, a king may have the power to forgive citizens’ crimes virtually without limit.
In the U.S. Constitution — Article II, Section 2 — America’s founders gave a similar power to the president, but with two key limitations. One is rooted in separation of powers: it could not be used in cases of impeachment, an issue that is handled by Congress. The other is rooted in federalism: it could be used only for crimes “against the United States,” or federal crimes, not crimes prosecuted by one of the 50 U.S. states.
The granting of the pardon power reflected concerns among the U.S. Constitution’s framers that the criminal code would be applied in a draconian manner, producing a surfeit of punishment. As Alexander Hamilton put it in Federalist 74, “The criminal code of every country partakes so much of necessary severity, that without an easy access to exceptions in favor of unfortunate guilt, justice would wear a countenance too sanguinary and cruel.”
The power to pardon, Hamilton continued, ought to be exercised by one person, because a single person “would be most ready to attend to the force of those motives which might plead for the mitigation of the rigor of the law.” What the founders do not address is what happens when that one person has something other than justice on his mind.
During Arpaio’s 24 years as the sheriff of a jurisdiction that includes the rapidly growing city of Phoenix, he built his reputation on his department’s aggressive efforts to track down undocumented immigrants — and on the brutal conditions he established in the facilities where they were held. Arpaio was directly responsible for detaining thousands of people without any reasonable suspicion that they had violated immigration law. It was enough that they looked Latino. That behavior made Arpaio the subject of lawsuits that, from 1993 to 2015, cost $142 million to settle.
Trump and Arpaio are longtime allies. During Barack Obama’s presidency, both were prominent figures in the racist “birther” movement that insisted Obama was born outside the U.S., and therefore was not entitled to be president. During Trump’s presidential campaign, Arpaio was a poster child of the divisive immigration debate and a vocal supporter of the candidate’s extreme promises, including the construction of a wall on the border with Mexico.
Against this background, Trump’s pardon of Arpaio looks like sheer political opportunism. It certainly was not a moral act of clemency. After all, Arpaio’s conduct hardly qualifies as “unfortunate guilt.” He reveled in his law-breaking, has shown no remorse for it, has never signaled an understanding of the grace of mercy. And, given that he was not to be sentenced until October, one cannot argue that he faced draconian punishment (a key concern for America’s founders).
The U.S. Constitution’s framers envisioned another key purpose for the pardon power: to help end conflicts and reconcile with political foes. In Hamilton’s words, “there are often critical moments when a well-timed offer of pardon to the insurgents or rebels may restore the tranquility of the commonwealth.”
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued full pardons for Confederates — with the exception of their leaders and subject to conditions “he may deem expedient for the public welfare” — in order to help reunite the country after the Civil War. Even Gerald Ford’s 1974 pardon of Richard Nixon, who had resigned from the presidency over the Watergate scandal, was couched in terms of national healing.
Recalling the ways in which the pardon power has been used in the past highlights the perversity of the Arpaio affair and its singular reactionary purpose: to denigrate and, where possible, reverse Obama’s achievements and, indeed, his values. In Trump’s hands, a constitutional power intended to mitigate the “necessary severity” of criminal justice was deployed to sanction cruelty by a sworn officer of the law.
Unsurprisingly, given its purely ideological basis, Arpaio’s pardon was not reviewed in advance by the U.S. Department of Justice, as has become customary over the years. Indeed, the DOJ rushed to distance itself from the decision, highlighting how easily Trump can use (or not use) the pardon power to settle his many scores: it is virtually the only power within the criminal justice system that the president can exercise unilaterally.