Foresting the future
Kenya’s carbon credit scheme has proven effective in preserving its forests.
WHEN 61-year-old Mercy Joshua was young, the vast forests of south-eastern Kenya teemed with wildlife, but decades of unchecked deforestation by locals have devastated the land.
She watched forests dwindle and rivers dry up across her homeland of Kasigau – a semi-arid savanna grassland dotted with shrubs, woodland and small rugged hills – as people cut down the trees to scratch a living by selling them for firewood. But now, after decades of degradation, a local project has found a way to preserve the forests and support the community by getting international companies to pay to plant trees.
“We were losing everything, but thanks to the project we have learnt even how to live with the wild animals,” said Joshua, a mother of four. “These days, we don’t cut down trees ... they are our friends.”
The project has breathed new life into Kasigau, a 200,000ha dryland forest 330km south-east of the capital Nairobi that connects the two halves of Kenya’s renowned Tsavo national park. Founded in 2009, it is part of a United Nations-backed carbon credit scheme aimed at stopping 54 million tonnes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere over the next 30 years, equivalent to 1.2 million tonnes a year.
Leading buyers of the credits include Microsoft, Barclays Bank and Kenya Airways, which have invested US$3.5mil (RM11.2mil) each since the project started.
These companies buy carbon credits by paying to conserve existing trees and plant new ones. The forests soak in carbon from the atmosphere, helping to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the air and so offset what the companies release themselves.
The Kasigau scheme has also created a new source of income for impoverished local communities where most people scrape a living by hunting animals for meat or illegal charcoal production.
“There are no jobs here, no water, and I have a family to feed,” said Matthew Mutie, a 40-yearold father of three who supports his family by making charcoal for around US$3 (RM9.60) a sack.
“Most of the people in this area are subsistence farmers and in most cases their crops fail due to poor rainfall,” added Rob Dodson from Wildlife Works, which oversees the Kasigau project.
The scheme directly employs 400 people but also supports nearly 100,000 rural Kenyans in other projects, including sustainable charcoal production, tree nurseries, and eco-friendly craft products. In a deeply poor region where many people live on US$1 (RM3.20) per day, the project has made a major impact, bringing in an average of US$270 (RM864) per person a year – about a quarter of Kenya’s GDP per capita.
“The project is a perfect example of how African countries can help in the fight against climate change, while at the same time benefiting the local communities,” said Josep Gari, from the United Nations Development Programme.
Kenyan officials said the Kasigau project was helping to transform people’s lives. “Once an area is under a carbon credit scheme, the area becomes protected,” said Elijah Mwandoe, a senior local government environment official. “We tell communities if you have a tree standing, it is making our air clean, and if we have clean air then we will all benefit and we will get rainfall.”
Deforestation accounts for roughly 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions every year, pumping more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than the global transportation sector, according to Wildlife Works. Global warming is already hitting southern Kenya. Tim Christophersen, from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) said that climate change is “having an effect here on the local community … droughts are more frequent.” In response, UNEP is looking at large-scale restoration of forest in Kenya to help the society there adapt.
However, carbon credit schemes are not a panacea for global warming. Some have been criticised for achieving little and being poorly policed, while a slowdown in global industrial production during the financial crisis has seen prices plummet.
But Gari insists that this project is generating wealth for the community, and so provides a more long-term bulwark against climate change. It has also helped to improve the local forest habitat, which is home to some 500 elephants, as well as lions, cheetahs, zebras and more than 300 species of birds.
“The greatest success is that generally people now see the value to the environment,” said Dodson of Wildlife Works. “When we first came here we were shocked to see how rich the biodiversity of this area was and how poor the people were.” — AFP to marine life, including edible fish species, and how quickly any such damage would become apparent. “I would not stop eating ocean fish as a result of this,” he said. “But it is a good indicator of how much impact we are having on the marine environment. It is an alarm call for the future.”
Deep waters in the North Atlantic showed more mercury content than similarly deep waters of the South Atlantic and the Southern and Pacific Oceans, the authors of the report said. Mercury at the surface will disperse to lower layers in time, but this can take decades. However, the process of the damage to marine life becoming apparent can be faster in some areas, such as those closer to the poles, than areas nearer the equator, said Dr Boxall.
The north pole and the Arctic circle, because of the winds and ocean currents, is an area where many pollutants released elsewhere across the globe accumulate: top predators such as polar bears have been found to have high levels of toxins in their bodies as a result. These animals are sometimes eaten by indigenous Arctic peoples.
“In the Arctic and Antarctic, you will be starting to see some of this now,” he said. “But with deep sea fishing in the tropics you will not see it yet, but you will see it within a hundred years.”
Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants can be reduced by using chemical filters, but while this is increasingly the norm in the rich world many developing countries have yet to catch up. Another source of the metal is from sewage. Developed countries have means to reduce this impact, but again developing countries are less likely to have in place the treatment systems necessary. — Guardian News & Media