Salting the Earth
Drilling boom means more harmful waste spills.
CARL Johnson and son Justin, who have complained for years about spills of oil field wastewater where they raise cattle in the high plains of New Mexico, stroll across a 0.6ha patch of sandy soil – lifeless, save for a scattering of stunted weeds.
Five years ago, a broken pipe soaked the land with as much as 1.6 million litres of wastewater, a salty drilling by- product that killed the shrubs and grass. It was among dozens of spills that have damaged the Johnsons’ grazing lands and made them worry about their groundwater.
“If we lose our water,” Justin Johnson said, “that ruins our ranch.”
Their plight illustrates a side effect of oil and gas production that has worsened with the past decade’s drilling boom: spills of wastewater that foul the land, kill wildlife and threaten freshwater supplies.
An Associated Press ( AP) analysis of data from leading oil- and gas- producing states found more than 662 million litres of waste- water spilled from 2009 to 2014 in incidents involving ruptured pipes, overflowing storage tanks and even deliberate dumping. There were some 21,651 individual spills. The numbers are incomplete because many releases go unreported.
Though oil spills get more attention, wastewater spills can be more damaging. Microbes in soil eventually degrade spilled oil. Not so with wastewater – also known as brine, produced water or saltwater. Unless thoroughly cleansed, salt- saturated land dries up. Trees die. Crops cannot take root.
“Oil spills may look bad, but we know how to clean them up,” said Kerry Sublette, a University of Tulsa environmental engineer. “Brine spills are much more difficult.”
In addition to extreme salinity, the fluids often contain heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury. Some ranchers said they have lost cattle that lapped up the liquids or ate tainted grass.
“They get real thin. It messes them up,” said Melvin Reed of Shidler, Oklahoma. “Sometimes you just have to shoot them.”
The AP obtained data from Texas, North Dakota, California, Alaska, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Kansas, Utah and Montana – states that account for more than 90% of US onshore oil production. In 2009, there were 2,470 reported spills in the 11 states; by 2014, the total was 4,643. The amount spilled doubled from 79.9 million litres in 2009 to 162.8 million litres in 2013.
Industry groups said waste is often recovered during clean- ups, although some can soak into the ground. “You’re going to have spills in an industrial society,” said Katie Brown, spokeswoman for Energy In Depth, a research arm of the Independent Petroleum Association of America. “But there are programmes in place to reduce them.”
Concentrated brine, much saltier than seawater, exists in rock thousands of feet underground. When oil and gas are pumped to the surface, the water comes up too, along with fluids and chemicals injected to crack open rock – the process known as hydraulic fracturing. Production of methane gas from coal deposits also generates wastewater, but it is less salty and harmful.
The spills usually occur as oil and gas are channelled to metal tanks for separation from the wastewater, and the water is delivered to a disposal site – usually an injection well that pumps it back underground. Pipelines, tank trucks and pits are involved. Equipment malfunctions or human error cause most spills, according to state reports. Though no full accounting of damage exists, the scope is sketched out in a sampling of incidents:
> In North Dakota, a spill of nearly 4.54 million litres in 2006 caused a massive dieoff of fish and plants in the Yellowstone River and a tributary. Clean- up costs approached US$ 2mil. Two larger spills since then scoured vegetation along a 3km stretch.
> Wastewater from pits seeped beneath a 2,400ha cotton and nut farm near Bakersfield, California, and contaminated groundwater. Oil giant Aera Energy was ordered in 2009 to pay US$ 9mil to grower Fred Starrh, who had to remove 800ha from production.
> Brine leaks exceeding 181 million litres on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Montana polluted a river, private wells and the municipal water system in Poplar. Under a 2012 settlement, oil companies agreed to monitor the town’s water supply and pay US$ 320,000 for improvements, including new wells.
The loudest whistle- blowers about spills are often property owners, who must allow drilling access to their land if they don’t own the mineral rights. Some are reluctant to complain about an industry that is the economic backbone of their communities.
“If they treat us right, we’re all friends of oil,” said Mike Artz, a grower in North Dakota’s Bottineau County who lost a 2ha barley crop in 2013 after a saltwater pipeline rupture. “But right now, it’s just a horse running without the bridle.” – AP