Gasping for every breath

> People living in polluted areas are found to have lowered levels of good cholesterol and are more at risk of heart disease

AIR POLLUTION could increase the chance of having a heart attack by lowering levels of ‘good’ cholesterol in the bloodstream, according to new research.

A study of more than 6,500 people in the United States, aged 45 to 84, found that exposure to black carbon – a marker of traffic-related pollution – was “significantly associated” with reduced amounts of HDL cholesterol.

Higher amounts of fine particles known as PM2.5, which are produced by burning fossil fuels, were also linked to lower HDL levels, which have a protective effect.

The research adds to a growing body of evidence that air pollution, much of it invisible, causes serious health problems.

Medical experts have described it as a “silent killer” responsible for a “myriad of changes in the body”, such as increased blood pressure.

A paper about the study in the journal Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology said: “We found that higher concentrations of PM2.5 over a three-month time period was associated with lower HDLparticle, and higher annual concentrations of black carbon were associated with lower HDL-cholesterol.

“Lower HDL-particle numbers have been associated with … cardiovascular events in previous studies, and lower HDL-cholesterol is a traditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease.”

The paper said the negative effects on good cholesterol were lower but “comparable” to the kind of positive changes seen when people give up smoking.

It added: “The association between air pollution and HDL was stronger in women, although the association in men was still negative.”

The study essentially shows a correlation between air pollution and cholesterol, but not actual causation. Sometimes, correlations occur when the link is indirect.

For example, the mortality risk of someone who watches television for hours every day is higher than average. But it’s the sedentary lifestyle, not the TV itself, which is killing them.

Prof Sir Nilesh Samani, medical director of the British Heart Foundation, said it was clear that air pollution was harmful.

“There is an urgent need to fund more research that looks into the dangerous effects of air pollution on the cardiovascular system,” he said.

“This silent killer is related to 40,000 deaths in the UK each year, with eight in 10 caused by a heart attack or stroke.”

He said the new study itself might not actually be evidence of a direct link between air pollution and heart disease.

“This is an interesting study showing an association between higher air pollution and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol, often called good cholesterol,” Samani said.

“The effects are small and recent studies have questioned whether lower levels of HDL- cholesterol cause heart disease.

“Furthermore, worsening air pollution causes a myriad of changes in the body – for example, it also increases blood pressure – and, therefore, it is difficult to know how much contribution, if any, the observed difference in HDL-cholesterol makes to the risk associated with air pollution.

“This means it is still too early to say how these findings might fit in to the wider picture.”

“But the underlying message is the same: air pollution poses a serious risk to heart health.” – The Independent