Sanatorium for long-term casualties of the Great War
On Thursday, Aotearoa and Australia commemorated Anzac Day, marking the anniversary of those who died at Gallipoli and acknowledging all who served in times of war.
One of the enduring hallmarks of World War I was the first largescale use of toxic chemical weapons in land warfare. This form of weaponry was introduced by French and German forces in late 1914, when they used tear gas against entrenched enemy troops.
By 1916, both combating sides were using poisonous gas. Late in 1917, mustard gas, the “King of Battle Gases”, was introduced. This damaged not only the lungs but, on contact with skin and eyes, caused blisters and blindness.
As war continued, gas attacks became severe, particularly between 1917 and 1918. Gas-mask drills became an integral part of soldiers’ everyday life, with the constant threat of exposure multiplying the already unbearable amount of stress.
At the end of World War I, returning New Zealand servicemen and women often suffered from permanent damage to the upper respiratory tract, lungs, eyes and skin caused by gas exposure. It became imperative that convalescent care for soldiers suffering from these conditions be established. In 1919, Pukeora Sanatorium, built on the hill between Takapau and Waipukurau, which provided wonderful views of the Onga Onga Plains, was established by the Defence Department.
Many veterans also suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis (phthisis), a greatly feared and incurable disease, the symptoms of which were unknowingly carried into combat. With the cramped and unsanitary conditions of trench warfare, overcrowded troop ships and packed military hospitals, the disease was rapidly transmitted. During the early 1900s, the cure for pulmonary tuberculosis was holistic: fresh air, sunlight, exercise, rest and good food.
Treatment focused on strengthening sufferers to “eliminate or seal up the patches”. Light employment was also encouraged so the “patient may not feel he is an altogether broken cog in the wheels of national industry”.
Pukeora Sanatorium was built and designed along modern medical lines to aid the treatment of both lung damage and tuberculosis. For the seriously ill, the front and side walls of the cubicles could be “thrown open to sun and air” so that patients could “well imagine” they were living outdoors.
For those with milder symptoms, there were small, isolated buildings, the windows of which could be “opened to the four winds of heaven”. Furnishings inside the rooms were so spartan as to “deprive the deadly bacillus a lodging place”.
On inspecting the new buildings, the Waipawa Mail questioned whether there was “an abundance of Nature’s tonic” due to the lack of shelter, thereby exposing the sanatorium “to the biting winds which sweep across the plains from the mountains”.
The editorial described the surroundings as “at present anything but attractive” but, with time, no doubt a “wonderful transformation can be affected”.
A month later, the paper had reversed its opinion, scathingly reporting that, although the sanatorium had been open for two months, there was still no electricity, little hot water and the surroundings “were desolate enough to break the heart of any patient”.
To brighten patients’ lives, light entertainment was encouraged. A “commodious room” had been built specifically on behalf of the YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), which furnished it, providing games, books and magazines for patient use.
There was also an entertainment hall, which could present “picture shows” as well as live staged performances. Rehabilitation, including light employment, saw patients instructed in farming, orchard work, beekeeping and carpentering. Under a vocational training scheme, volunteer tutors taught leather work, basket and raffia weaving, embroidery and knitting, photography and art.
Community groups from central and southern Hawke’s Bay compassionately supported the Pukeora patients.
A committee was established, which produced a weekly itinerary, delegating groups to “assist in lightening the tedium of the boys’ existence”.
By the end of 1921, the Defence Force had transferred Pukeora Sanatorium to the Health Department, mainly because most soldiers had been discharged and returned to civilian life.
It was then managed by the Waipawa Health Board and repurposed for pulmonary tuberculosis patients. It continued to treat soldiers, but as private citizens. It operated for 60 years as a tuberculosis clinic, treating about 7000 people, closing in 1998.