Equality in China grows more remote
NEVER mind the destruction of the relatively free society of Hong Kong (no emergency airlift like Kabul, but the number of people fleeing Hong Kong may ultimately be larger). Never mind the persecution of the Uyghurs, or the Orwellian surveillance society that the Communist Party is building, or the tens of millions who died in wars, famines and ‘‘cultural revolutions’’ to bring equality to China.
The party’s fundamental failure is to create a society, after 70 years of absolute power, that is about as unequal as that of the United States. Equality was the goal that allegedly justified all the killing and oppression, but equality is further away than ever.
Per capita incomes are still much lower in China than in the US, for it only started to develop rapidly about 40 years ago. (In terms of personal living standards, the first three decades of communist rule were completely wasted.) But since then the gulf between the rich and the rest has inexorably widened until it now approaches the American standard.
It doesn’t matter which measure you use. Go by the Gini coefficient, a mathematical model of the inequality in a society, and the United States scores 47 while China gets 46.5. (Higher means more unequal: most developed countries score in the low to mid30s.) But hard numbers are somehow more convincing, and they tell the same story.
If you take the incomes of the top 20% of the US population and compare them with those of
the lowest 20% of American earners, the wealthiest fifth earns 9.4 times more than the poorest fifth. In China, the top fifth earns 10.2 times as much as the bottom fifth.
Drill down and compare the incomes of the top 10% with those of the bottom 10%, and the income differences are even more dramatic. The wealthiest 10th of Chinese people get 21.5 times more money than the poorest 10th. In the United States it’s 18.5 times more.
Americans are used to these disparities, and can console
themselves with the myth of ‘‘equal opportunity’’. (If you’re not rich, it’s your own fault. You’re not trying hard enough.) Chinese people are new to this situation, and the official ideology still says that people should be equal. That’s the goal that supposedly justifies the perpetual dictatorship of the party.
So the grotesque inequality is embarrassing for the party, and potentially quite dangerous. Back in the days when the Chinese economy was growing at 8%10% a year it could be
ignored — a rising tide raises all ships, even the poorest — but the fastgrowth era is over. Sooner or later the losers in the race will realise that they have lost permanently.
Last May, Premier Li Keqiang revealed that 600 million Chinese citizens (about 40% of the population) earn $US5 a day or less. This is not a good look in a country that has more billionaires (1058) than the United States, and the party leadership is not stupid. Something must be done.
That’s why President Xi
Jinping is talking up a new policy of ‘‘common prosperity’’ while also imposing stricter censorship and other social controls. The idea is to head off trouble by evening out the grossest inequalities and teaching the highestflying billionaires a little humility: don’t stall the economy, but spread the wealth around a little.
The party knew this day would come when it first abandoned communist ideals 40 years ago in order to escape from three decades of no growth. “Let some people get rich first,” Deng Xiaoping said, and took the capitalist road. It worked, too, but it brought the usual capitalist inequality in its train.
Now China is rich enough that the regime can start to spread the wealth around, but it’s not clear if the kindofcommunists in charge will be able to make that happen.
It’s not impossible. Rich capitalist democracies such as France, Germany, Canada and Japan manage to have income gaps between the rich and the rest only about half as big as the US and China. But the very biggest developed countries, China and the US, seem unable to manage it.
Maybe it’s just a question of size.
Income disparities in the United States have been widening for 45 years now, with grave social consequences, but being democratic doesn’t enable the US to deal with it any better.
Instead, American police have been turned into a militarised force that essentially manages the social results of the inequality by force.
In 1970, there were 200,000 people in US prisons; now, there are 2.3 million. More than a quarter of adult Americans (77 million) have a criminal record.
What are the odds that the ageing autocrats who rule China will do any better?
Gwynne Dyer is an independent London journalist.