Zawahiri: from Cairo physician to al Qaeda leader
DUBAI: Ayman alZawahiri succeeded Osama bin Laden as al Qaeda leader after years as its main organiser and strategist, but his lack of charisma and competition from rival militants Islamic State hobbled his ability to inspire attacks on the West.
Zawahiri (71) was killed in a US drone strike, United States President Joe Biden said yesterday.
US officials said the attack took place on Sunday in the Afghan capital Kabul.
Zawahiri had watched in dismay as al Qaeda was effectively sidelined by the 2011 Arab revolts, launched mainly by middle class activists and intellectuals opposed to decades of autocracy.
In the years following bin Laden’s death, US air strikes killed a succession of Zawahiri’s deputies, weakening the veteran Egyptian militant’s ability to coordinate globally.
Despite a reputation as an inflexible and combative personality, Zawahiri managed to nurture loosely affiliated groups around the world that grew to wage devastating local insurgencies, some of them rooted in turmoil arising from the Arab Spring.
The violence destabilised countries across Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
But al Qaeda’s days as the centrally directed, hierarchical network of plotters that attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, were long gone.
Instead, militancy returned to its roots in locallevel conflicts, driven by a mix of local grievances and incitement by transnational jihadi networks on social media.
Zawahiri’s origins in
Islamist militancy went back decades.
The first time the world heard of him was when he stood in court after the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar alSadat in 1981.
‘‘We have sacrificed and we are still ready for more sacrifices until the victory of Islam,’’ shouted Zawahiri, wearing a white robe, as fellow defendants enraged by Sadat’s peace treaty with Israel chanted slogans.
He served a three years’ jail for illegal arms possession, but was acquitted of the main charges.
A trained surgeon (one of his pseudonyms was The Doctor), Zawahiri went to Pakistan on his release and worked with the Red Crescent treating mujahideen guerrillas wounded fighting Soviet forces in Afghanistan.
During that period, he became acquainted with bin Laden, a wealthy Saudi who had joined the Afghan resistance.
Taking over the leadership of Islamic Jihad in Egypt in 1993, Zawahiri was a leading figure in a campaign in the mid1990s to overthrow the government and set up a purist Islamic state. More than 1200 Egyptians were killed.
Egyptian authorities mounted a crackdown on Islamic Jihad after an assassination attempt on President Hosni Mubarak in June of 1995 in Addis Ababa. The greying Zawahiri responded by ordering a 1995 attack on the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad. Two cars filled with explosives rammed through the compound’s gates, killing 16 people.
In 1999, an Egyptian military court sentenced Zawahiri to death in absentia. By then he was living the spartan life of a militant after helping Bin Laden to form al Qaeda.
A videotape aired by Al Jazeera in 2003 showed the two men walking on a rocky mountainside — an image Western intelligence hoped would provide clues on their whereabouts.
Zawahiri assumed leadership of al Qaeda in 2011 after US Navy Seals killed bin Laden in his hideout in Pakistan. Since then he repeatedly called for global jihad.
In a eulogy for bin Laden, he promised to pursue attacks on the West.
As it turned out, the emergence of the even more hardline
Islamic State in 201419 in Iraq and Syria drew as much, if not more, attention from Western counterterrorism authorities.
Zawahiri often tried to stir passions among Muslims by commenting online about sensitive issues such as US policies in the Middle East or Israeli actions against Palestinians, but he was seen as lacking bin Laden’s magnetism.
On a practical level, Zawahiri is believed to have been involved in some of al Qaeda’s biggest operations, helping organise the 2001 attacks.
He was indicted for his alleged role in the 1998 bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The FBI put a
$US25 million bounty on his head on its mostwanted list.
Zawahiri did not emerge from Cairo’s slums, like others drawn to militant groups who promised a noble cause. Born in 1951 to a prominent Cairo family, he was a grandson of the grand imam of Al Azhar, one of Islam’s most important mosques.
Zawahiri was raised in Cairo’s leafy Maadi suburb, a place favoured by expatriates from the Western nations he railed against. The son of a pharmacology professor, he first embraced Islamic fundamentalism at the age of 15.
He was inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Egyptian writer Sayyid Qutb, an Islamist executed in 1966 on charges of trying to overthrow the state.
People who studied with Zawahiri at Cairo University’s Faculty of Medicine in the 1970s described a lively young man who went to the cinema, listened to music and joked with friends.
‘‘When he came out of prison he was a completely different person,’’ a doctor who studied with Zawahiri said.
Fellow prisoners said those conditions further radicalised Zawahiri and set him on his path to global jihad. — Reuters