3 vaccines through to next phase
Now the hard part: Proving they work and for how long
The race for a coronavirus vaccine intensified yesterday as three competing laboratories released promising results from early trials in humans.
Now comes the hard part: proving that any of the vaccines protects against the virus and establishing how much immunity they provide — and for how long.
“What this means is that each of these vaccines is worth taking all the way through to a phase-three study,” said Dr Peter Jay Hotez, a vaccine researcher at the Baylor College of Medicine.
Phase-three trials test how well a drug works.
Two of the vaccine developers — the first, a partnership between Oxford University and British-Swedish drugmaker AstraZeneca; the second, Chinese company CanSino Biologics — published their early results as peer-reviewed studies in The Lancet, a British medical journal.
A joint venture between drug giant Pfizer and German company BioNTech shared results online before peer review and invited comparisons to biotech company Moderna, which uses a similar technology and released early results last week.
All the developers that released results yesterday said their vaccines had produced strong immune responses with only minor side effects.
“They all look really good,” said professor Stacey Schultz-Cherry of the St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, arguing that more than one vaccine would be necessary to address the needs of varying demographic groups.
All of the developers asserted that their vaccines elicited antibody levels similar to those seen in patients who had recovered from Covid-19.
But scientists cautioned that the antibody responses in convalescing patients varied widely and that even matching those responses did not necessarily guarantee any degree of immunity.
“It does not really tell you whether the vaccine is going to protect,” said professor John P Moore of Weill Cornell Medical College.
The developers who announced their early results yesterday all indicated that any immunity was likely to require a second booster dose of its vaccine.
The partnership between Oxford and AstraZeneca may be the most closely watched vaccine effort.
The United States, Britain and several other governments and nonprofit groups have already agreed to pay hundreds of millions of dollars for a total of two billion doses even before the vaccine’s efficacy has been proven.
And British and US officials believe
Russia sought to spy on the Oxford research.
It was also the first vaccine to enter phase-three trials.
More than 10,000 participants in Britain, Brazil and South Africa have already received doses. Another phase-three test involving 30,000 participants in the US is set to begin next week, along with a parallel test of the Moderna vaccine.
The Oxford study released yesterday analysed a few hundred participants who had received the vaccine in an earlier safety trial.
Of those, only 10 received a booster shot, and they showed the most promising immune response.
“There is still a long way to go,” said professor Sarah Gilbert of Oxford, who is leading development of the vaccine.
The CanSino vaccine, tested in a trial of about 500 participants in China, appeared least likely to be effective, based on the early results released, scientists said.
“Pretty weak compared to other vaccine candidates (to the extent that comparisons are possible),” Moore noted in a summary of the results.
Both the Oxford and CanSino vaccines work by altering the genes of another common virus — the adenovirus — so that it harmlessly mimics the coronavirus and induces an immune response.
The Oxford vaccine exploits an adenovirus found in chimps; humans do not already have antibodies against it.
The CanSino vaccine, on the other hand, travels on the back of a widespread adenovirus that causes the common cold in humans, and so preexisting defences against that adenovirus in many people appear to thwart the vaccine, scientists said.
The preliminary results released yesterday by the Pfizer-BioNTech partnership, from a trial with 60 participants in Germany at various dosage levels, appeared able to produce a strong immune response. The vaccine uses the same kind of specially engineered genetic material, mRNA, as the Moderna vaccine, and the Pfizer-BioNTech early results might suggest an even stronger immune response, scientists said.
But the scientists cautioned that no response in a lab test guaranteed a vaccine would prevent a disease. And comparing the immune responses ascribed to the various vaccines was
This is not going to be a quick fix. This is going to take years.
Dr Peter Jay Hotez, Baylor College of Medicine
almost impossible because the reports were not standardised.
“It’s like judging a beautiful baby photo contest when every mom uses a different Instagram filter,” Moore said.
What’s more, no trial had been able to measure results over more than a few weeks, raising questions about the vaccines’ longer-term effects.
Hotez argued that the eagerness of vaccine developers to promote such inconclusive results might undermine more immediate public health efforts to control the virus, such as wearing masks and social distancing.
“All the hype makes it seem like a miracle is around the corner, and that is just not the case.
“This is not going to be a quick fix. This is going to take years to sort out.”