Tipping the balance of extinction
Human activity appears to have been a more significant factor than climate change in determining whether some prehistoric species survived or died out.
SCIENTISTS have long wondered what caused the dramatic extinctions of many different species of animals, from woolly mammoths to sabertooth cats, in different regions of the world 10,000 to 11,000 years ago.
Some have argued that dramatic climate changes occurring around the same time, a period known as the Pleistocene Holocene transition, were to blame.
Others say the incursion of humans, with their hunting practices and their propensity to dramatically alter habitats, were the driving force in these species’ disappearance.
Now, by examining an underwater fossil site discovered in the Bahamas, researchers have been able to distinguish between these two forces – and have found that human encroachment appears to have been more devastating than even severe climate change, according to a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The new fossils ‘‘gave us an unparalleled snapshot at what the Ice Age life would have been like on a Caribbean isle’’, said lead author David Steadman, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History.
Islands are ideal ecological laboratories: their isolation makes it easier to figure out what factors are contributing to a species’ development or demise.
That’s true if you’re comparing species across islands, as Charles Darwin did at the Galapagos Islands, and it’s true if you’re looking back in time on a single isle, digging through the fossil record.
Studies have indicated that there seems to be a pattern on many islands: as soon as humans get there, whether it’s 10,000 years ago or 2000 years ago, many species seem to quickly vanish. But it has not been entirely clear whether humans or other natural factors were to blame.
The new study helps to clarify this difference thanks to a rich collection of fossils found by an experienced scuba diver – study co-author Brian Kakuk – in a flooded sinkhole on the Bahamian island of Abaco.
‘‘As the first fossils started to come . . . I could tell that this was a really unusual site and could probably inform us about things that no other site on a Caribbean island, that any of the previous sites could,’’ Steadman said.
The collection of bones, probably gathered by predators bringing home their meals, contains more than 5000 fossils from 96 different vertebrate species – 13 fishes, 11 reptiles, 63 birds and eight mammals.
Of those 95 species, 39 of them (or 41 per cent) have disappeared from Abaco.
Because the bones are now submerged in water, they must have been placed there a long time ago – before sea levels rose during the Pleistocene epoch, which ended about 11,700 years ago.
The scientists were able to compare them to more recent fossils found on the island that are from the more recent Holocene era (from 11,700 years ago to the present) to see which ones survived the climate change surrounding that transition.
They could also compare them to current species on the island, to see which ones survived the relatively recent human presence.
The scientists found that of the 39 species that went extinct, 17 (less than 44 per cent) of those disappearances were due to climate change.
The other 22 (more than 56 per cent) were able to survive this tumultuous period but had disappeared since humans arrived.
So the majority of the extinct species were wiped out after humans came on the scene, not by extreme climate change.
And climate change on Abaco during the transition between the Pleistocene and Holocene, about 15,000 to 9000 years ago, was no joke.
As the glaciers melted and sea levels rose, Abaco shrank from about 17,000 square kilometres to just 1214 sq km. The climate also became warmer and wetter, favouring more broadleaf forests over the pine woodland that once dominated the island.
‘‘In a way, there’s some real irony here, because any of the species that were alive a thousand years ago on Abaco, when people first arrived, were pretty darn resilient – in other words, they’re the ones that could handle the island getting smaller, the habitat changing and all that,’’ Steadman said.
‘‘But when people show up and they start burning the forest in the dry season and things like that, that’s a tough one to adapt to.’’
Steadman said researchers were going to try to study fossils from similar underwater areas around other islands in the Bahamas to further fill in the story.
Understanding the traits of species that were able to survive both natural and human-caused change could help researchers predict which ones were likely to survive the continued, and increasing, human presence.
‘‘The ones that have been resilient to both climate change and human presence – those are probably the next ones we should focus on. Because they’re the ones most likely to make it.’’